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Sec 1 :D > Geography S1 Chapter 6 (EYE) Pg 124-145 > Flashcards

Geography S1 Chapter 6 (EYE) Pg 124-145 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 5 environmental functions of tropical forests?

A
  1. oxygen generation
  2. carbon storage
  3. habitats for diverse animal life
  4. protection from soil erosion
  5. protection from coastal erosion
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2
Q

what is the process of photosynthesis?

A

when the plants absorb carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to produce food for their own survival and growth

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2
Q

what is carbon storage? (1)

A

(1) rainforest and mangrove plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis

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3
Q

how do tropical rainforests generate oxygen?

A

rainforest and mangrove plants generate oxygen via photosynthesis

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4
Q

what is carbon storage? (2)

A

(2) carbon dioxide is stored in solid form in the plants in their leaves, branches, stems & roots

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5
Q

what is carbon storage? (3)

A

(3) dead leaves & branches fall to the ground & add carbon to the soil; roots of the plants also produce soil carbon

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6
Q

what is carbon storage? (4)

A

(4) soil in mangroves is waterlogged & poor in oxygen - few bacteria to break down the carbon stored there.

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6
Q

how do tropical rainforests provide habitats for diverse animal life?

A

tropical rainforests & mangroves

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6
Q

how do mangroves provide habitat for diverse animal life? (1)

A

(1) dead leaves and branches that fall from mangrove plants are broken down by bacteria into tiny particles which fishes, shrimps & crabs feed on.
These smaller animals are in turn eaten by larger predators such as otters, crocodiles and tigers

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7
Q

how do tropical rainforests provide habitats for diverse animal life?

A

tropical rainforests are rich in biodiversity.
the warm climate & abundance of water & food sources all year round make them suitable habitats for a wide variety of animals

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8
Q

how do mangroves provide habitat for diverse animal life? (3)

A

(3) branches provide nesting sites for birds (eg: herons, egrets, pelicans)

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8
Q

how do mangroves provide habitat for diverse animal life? (2)

A

(2) breeding ground for young fishes
dense root network provides shelter from larger predators

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9
Q

how do tropical rainforests help prevent soil erosion? (1)

A

(1) leaves, branches & stems slow down falling raindrops before they reach the ground

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10
Q

how do tropical rainforests help prevent soil erosion? (2)

A

(2) as a result, raindrops hit the soil with less force

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10
Q

how do tropical rainforests help prevent soil erosion? (3)

A

(3) more rainwater can infiltrate & percolate into the soil, thus reducing surface runoff.

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10
Q

how do tropical rainforests help prevent soil erosion? (5)

A

(5) overall, soil erosion by flowing water is minimised

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10
Q

how do tropical rainforests help prevent soil erosion? (4)

A

(4) roots of rainforest plants also bind the soil together making it harder to erode.

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11
Q

how does soil erosion occur? (1)

A

(1) falling raindrops hit the soil with considerable force, causing soil particles to become detached.

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12
Q

how does soil erosion occur? (2)

A

(2) there is little infiltration and percolation of rainwater into the soil, leading to high surface runoff.

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13
Q

how does soil erosion occur? (3)

A

(3) the loosened soil particles are easily washed away by flowing water, resulting in severe soil erosion.

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14
Q

how do mangroves help prevent coastal erosion? (2)

A

(2) sediments are less likely to be washed away by waves, currents and tides.

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14
Q

how do mangroves help prevent coastal erosion? (1)

A

(1) mangroves have dense root systems, which help to trap and stabilise loose sediments on the coast

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15
Q

how do mangroves help prevent coastal erosion? (3)

A

(3) roots, trunks and branches cause friction with the waves hitting the coast.

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16
Q

how do mangroves help prevent coastal erosion? (4)

A

(4) waves lose a significant amount of energy, thus reducing coastal erosion

17
Q

how does coastal erosion occur? (1)

A

(1) loose sediments are easily washed away by waves, currents and tides

18
Q

how does coastal erosion occur? (2)

A

(2) strong waves do not lose much energy as they travel towards the coast

18
Q

how does coastal erosion occur? (3)

A

(3) significant coastal erosion occurs when waves hit the coast with force.

19
Q

how are tropical forests used by people?

A
  1. source of raw materials
  2. source of food
  3. place for recreation
  4. place for habitation
20
Q

what are the different types of raw materials that can be found in tropical forests?
(1. source of raw materials)

A

teak, mahogany, rosewood

21
Q

what are the uses of these raw materials? (teak, mahogany, rosewood)
(1. source of raw materials)

A

-build houses, jetties and boats
-used directly as fuelwood / turned into charcoal and heating
-produce paper products.

21
Q

what are the common types of food that came from plants in the tropical forests?
(2. source of food)

A

fruits: bananas and mangoes
vegetables: cucumbers and eggplants
nuts: Brazil nuts and cashew nuts
spices: pepper and cinnamon

21
Q

how do tropical forests support more developed societies of indigenous people?
(2. source of food)

A

hunting and gathering not able to provide sufficient food to feed large numbers of people
mangroves in some coastal areas have been converted into farms that rear fish, shellfish (prawns / clams)

21
Q

how do indigenous people obtain food from tropical forests?
(2. source of food)

A

-hunting wild animals: fish / deer/ wild birds
-gathering

21
Q

what are the common types of food that come from plants in the tropical forests used for?
(2. source of food)

A

nipah palm: seeds are found in ice kacang
chocolate: cacao tree seeds

22
Q

what are recreational activities that people take part in in tropical rainforests?
(3. place for recreation)

A

trekking, camping, birdwatching

22
Q

what are the reasons that deforestation occurs? (2)

A

(2) human activities: mining, agriculture, aquaculture require very large areas of tropical forests to be cleared before they can be carried out

22
Q

what is aquaculture?
(2. source of food)

A

mangroves in some coastal areas that have been converted into farms that rear fish, shellfish (prawns / clams) FOR SALE TO CUSTOMERS IN TOWNS AND CITIES

22
Q

what are the reasons that deforestation occurs? (1)

A

(1) unsustainable cutting down of trees for their wood

23
Q

what will deforestation cause?

A

it will reduce biodiversity / long term effect on biodiversity (range and number of species)
-number will never be the same again

23
Q

why do people visit the forests?
(3. place for recreation)

A

-positive effect on people’ health
-natural sights, smells and sounds of the forest have a calming effect on people, helping to give them a sense of well-being
-a way for people to exercise and to lead an active lifestyle

23
Q

how do tropical forests help to meet the basic needs of the indigenous people?
(4. place for habitation)

A

they depend on the physical environment to meet their basic needs such as food, water, shelter and clothing

23
Q

what are some examples of greenhouse gases?

A

methane CH4
carbon dioxide CO2
Nitrous oxide N2O

23
Q

how is the tropical forest vegetation prevented?

A

regenerating as the cleared land is converted by humans into mines, plantations, ranches or fish farms

24
Q

what are the 2 consequences of extracting resources from tropical forests?

A
  1. deforestation
  2. enhanced greenhouse effect
24
Q

what is deforestation?

A

permanent removal of tropical forests

24
Q

True or False?
Enhanced greenhouse effect is a natural process?

A

True. Enhanced greenhouse effect is a natural process

25
Q

what are greenhouse gases capable of? (1)

A
  1. they are capable of trapping heat (like the glass roof and walls of a greenhouse; which is the reason why they are called greenhouse gases)
26
Q

what are greenhouse gases capable of? (2 & 3)

A
  1. prevents heat from escaping to outer space
  2. keeps Earth warm to support life
27
Q

what is a greenhouse?

A
  1. it is used to grow crops in winter (a good way to)
  2. it is made of glass so light and heat can enter,
  3. retains some heat
27
Q

what do greenhouse gases help with?

A

they help to keep the Earth’s surface warm at an average temperature of 15 degrees Celsius (without them, earth’s surface would be much colder at negative 18 degrees Celsius)

28
Q

what is carbon dioxide? (1)

A
  1. one of the most important greenhouse houses found naturally in the Earth’s atmosphere
29
Q

what is carbon dioxide? (2)

A
  1. it is released into the atmosphere when living things respire and decompose.
29
Q

what is the difference between natural greenhouse effect VS enhanced greenhouse effect?

A

natural greenhouse effect: not all of the heat absorbed is able to escape into outer space; some of it is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
enhanced greenhouse effect: greater amts. of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap more heat released by the Earth’s surface; less heat is able to escape into outer space

30
Q

what is the first reason why deforestation is believed to be responsible for approximately 20% of the total amount of CO2 added to the atmosphere as a result of human activities?

A
  1. burning or cutting down of tropical forest plants causes carbon that is stored in the plants and soil to be released as carbon dioxide. (plants like these act as carbon stores)
30
Q
A
30
Q

what is deforestation believed to be responsible for?

A

deforestation (burning . cutting down of plants in tropical forests) is believed to be responsible for approximately 20% of the total amount of CO2 added to the atmosphere as a result of human activities.

30
Q

what do tropical forest plants help with regarding carbon dioxide?

A

tropical forest plants help to prevent the build up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as they absorb the gas during photosynthesis

31
Q

what is the second reason why is believed to be responsible for approximately 20% of the total amount of CO2 added to the atmosphere as a result of human activities?

A
  1. there are fewer plants left behind to absorb the increased amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
32
Q
A

Sec 1 :D (22 decks)

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