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Bio 361- marine science > Water Properties > Flashcards

Water Properties Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

is water polar or non-polar?

A

polar

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2
Q

why is water polar?

A

asymmetry of hydrogen atoms

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3
Q

what are the benefits to water being polar?

A
  • good solvent
  • high heat capacity -> 1 calories to raise 1g of water by 1C
  • high heat of fusion
  • high heat of vaporization
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4
Q

are all the elements in seawater not constant?

A

no they are all in constant proportions in all oceans

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5
Q

what elements are used to measure salinity by chlorinity?

A

chlorine
sodium

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6
Q

what is used to measure salinity by conductivity?

A

elements make saltwater conductive

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7
Q

what is salinity?

A

of grams of elements in 1000g of water

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8
Q

what makes salinity vary?

A

varies by latitude due to evaporation and precipitation
- more locally by sea ice formation and river input

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9
Q

what are thermoclines?

A

vertical temperature
- gradient in temp

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10
Q

what are haloclines?

A

salinity gradients

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11
Q

what kind of water is dense and sinks?

A

cold saline water

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12
Q

how much of Earth is covered by water?

A

71%

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13
Q

what % of oceans are deeper than 2000m?

A

84

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14
Q

what is the deepest point in oceans?

A

11 000m - Mariana Trench
- Challenger Deep

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15
Q

what are marginal seas?

A

semi-enclosed regions affected by local climate
- shallow

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16
Q

what are the regions of the oceans?

A

continental shelf
canyons -> channels sediment movement downwards
abyssal plain -> basic ocean floor
mid-oceanic ridges
shelf-slope break

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17
Q

what is the ocean floor made of?

A

plates

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18
Q

are tectonic plates static?

A

no - constantly moving

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19
Q

what forms at ridges?

A

new crust

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20
Q

can the seafloor be dated?

A

yes

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21
Q

what shows polar reversals?

A

magnetic stripes

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22
Q

what is the kind of evidence that suggests that continents were once united?

A

fossils

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23
Q

which hemispheres has more water?

A

southern - 80% compared to north which has 61

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24
Q

what is the Deepsea Challenger?

A

Cameron got to the bottom of Trench and back in 2h37min

25
Q

is the rate of descent or ascent slower during Deepsea?

A

descent bc of the pressure under water

26
Q

what are examples of Marginal Seas?

A

Strait of Georgia
Gulf of Mexico
Mediterranean Sea

27
Q

what are marginal seas affected by?

A
  • regional climate -> microclimate
  • precipitation-evaporation balance -> salinity affected
  • river input of fresh water and dissolved solids -> Hudons’ Bay closer to river is less salty
  • limited exchange with open ocean
  • geological history -> Salish Sea in Georgia Depression formed by collision of plates
28
Q

what is seafloor spreading?

A

oceanic crust is formed at ridges, moved laterally and destroyed by subduction, which forms trenches

29
Q

what is a good example of seafloor spreading?

A

hotspots
- regions where the hot mantle rises in stationary plume forming volcanoes

30
Q

where is a hotspot located?

A

Hawaii
- islands are formed by seafloor moving over hotspot
- chain of volcanic islands
- when crust moves then little volcanoes form

30
Q

what causes continental drift?

A

continents are embedded in ocean crust so when crust moves then continents move

31
Q

who was the first to figure out theory of continental drift?

A

Alfred Wegener

31
Q

what are the 4 evidences for continental drift?

A
  • fossils
  • seafloor mapping/radiometric dating -> seafloor younger than continental crust
  • magnetic anomalies -> magnetic stripes on ocean floor near spreading ridges show movement of oceanic crust -> Earth’s magnetic field switches so polarity becomes opposite
32
Q

what is the strongest bond?

A

covalent - b/w oxygen and hydrogen and between water and other ions

33
Q

what is a weak bond?

A

hydrogen - between water molecules
- gives sticky properties
- creates surface tension

34
Q

what does polarity allow for?

A

ability to form bonds with other ions

35
Q

does it take a lot of energy to break H bonds?

A

yes
- lots of energy to heat up and lose energy
- water has a large thermal buffer capacity and acts like a climate buffer
- energy transported by water in ocean currents is large -> water from the S brings heat to the N (water holds onto heat)

36
Q

t or f: water has a low latent heat of fusion

A

f- highest of all common materials

37
Q

does water hold onto heat?

A

no
- heats and cools faster than adjacent water bodies -> northern land masses do not necessarily experience Arctic climates bc of warm water currents
- water transports heat and cold over vast distances -> water from Artic can affect Antarctic waters

38
Q

does deep water have a wide range of temperature?

A

no 2-4 C

39
Q

does the surface of deep water have a large latitudinal range?

A

large -1.9 to 40C

40
Q

describe shallow temperate ocean?

A

Hudsons Bay
- thermocline is less drastic in the summer bc water mixes
- in winter the water temp is consisten bc the surface is consistent temp

41
Q

why are there latitudinal temperature differences?

A
  • latitudinal gradient of solar heating +
  • geothermal heating +
  • internal friction +
  • water vapor condensation +
  • back radiation off surface -
  • convection of heat to atmosphere -
  • evaporation -
42
Q

what controls salinity?

A

adds salt by evaporation and sea-ice formation
removes salt by precipitation and river runoff

43
Q

what is chlorinity?

A

grams of chlorine per l of seawater

44
Q

what does salinity =?

A

1.81 x chlorinity (2 times)

45
Q

how to measure chlorinity?

A
  • chemical titration
  • conductivity -> most reliable, changes based on temp
  • index of refraction -> more stuff in ocean them more stuff for light to refract off of
46
Q

what is used to measure salinity in seawater?

A

CTD- conduction, temp, depth
- tests how conductivity varies with temp and depth
- conductivity is a measure of salts in water
- main salt is chloride

47
Q

what is Principle of Constant Element Ratios?

A

Forchhammer’s Principle
- ratio b/w many major elements are constant all over the oceans even though salinity varies
- residence time of Na, Cl and Sr is on the order of millions of years -> salts come from river input to the oceans over millions of years
- mixing time of water is on order of thousands of years
- ocean is mixed well

48
Q

what occurs at mid-latitudes?

A

excess of evaporation over precipitation

49
Q

what occurs at the equator?

A

excess of precipitation over evaporation at equator

50
Q

t or f: the maximum density of seawater is at 4C?

A

F
- density influenced by salt and temp

51
Q

when does density increase?

A

with increasing salinity and decreasing temp

52
Q

what does temp and salinity give rise to?

A

vertical gradients of density

53
Q

describe shallow water

A

warm - more saline - less dense

54
Q

describe deep water

A

cold - less saline - more dense

55
Q

does saltwater freeze at a colder temp than freshwater?

A

yes

56
Q

what is brinicle?

A

saltwater sinks, seawater freezes and grows downward, touches the seafloor and kills everything bc it freezes

Bio 361- marine science (20 decks)

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