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Bio 361- marine science > Fluid Environment > Flashcards

Fluid Environment Flashcards

1
Q

pelagic

A

open water

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2
Q

benthic

A

on the bottom

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3
Q

neritic

A

near to shore

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4
Q

oceanic

A

out in the open water

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5
Q

photic

A

where light reaches

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6
Q

aphotic

A

dark

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7
Q

how are regions classified?

A

by physical parameters
- light
- oxygen
- temp

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8
Q

eurythermal

A

wide temp tolerances
- some plankton and mammals

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9
Q

stenothermal

A

narrow temp tolerances
- benthic animals like corals, sponges and clams

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10
Q

homeotherm

A

regulates body temp
- mammals

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11
Q

poikilotherm

A

conforms to temp
- all marine invertebrates
- most fishes

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12
Q

what is an example of a homeotherm?

A

sea otter

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13
Q

what is an example of a poikilotherm

A

feather duster worm

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14
Q

how does oxygen vary with depth?

A
  • on the surface there is high O2
  • low in mesopelagic
  • high O2 in deep ocean
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15
Q

why does deep ocean have high oxygen levels?

A

decomposition of dead phyotplankton and marine snow

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16
Q

why does the surface water have high oxygen?

A

mixing

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17
Q

which ocean has minimum oxygen?

A

pacific

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18
Q

why does the Atlantic Ocean not have minimal oxygen?

A

the global conveyor belt causes the warm water to move toward the Artic and oxygen is brought down when cooled through Atlantic

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19
Q

how much light penetrates in coastal waters?

A

10s of a m
- more life and more turbidity

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20
Q

how much light penetrates in open ocean waters or tropics?

A

100m+ as there is less chaos

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21
Q

is seawater viscous?

A

yes

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22
Q

what do viscous fluids resist change in?

A

shape

23
Q

what is viscosity dependent on?

A

organisms size and how fast it moves

24
Q

what is Re?

A

relative importance of inertial and viscous forces
- dimensionless
- velocity and size determine Re

25
Q

small and slow = ?

A

low Re

26
Q

large and fast = ?

A

high Re

27
Q

high Re = ?

A

turbulent

28
Q

low Re = ?

A

laminar

29
Q

what does viscosity lead to?

A

streamlines

30
Q

laminar flow

A

streamlines are all parallel and flow is regular

31
Q

turbulent flow

A

streamlines irregular to chaotic

32
Q

when happens to laminar flow when Re increase?

A

changes to turbulent flow

33
Q

what is the force exerted on an object by the liquid moving over it?

A

drag

34
Q

what is a way to reduce drag?

A

shark skin is adapted to reduce drag by shape and type of scales
- dermal teeth (placoids) and placoid scales - reduce drag - break viscosity - by making turbulence

35
Q

how do ships reduce drag?

A

use riblets to reduce on their hulls
- hydrophobic surfaces

36
Q

how do whales reduce drag?

A

whales’ tropical migrations may be to shed their skin
- shed algal growth on skin removes draf

37
Q

how is viscosity useful?

A

finding prey and avoiding predatorys

38
Q

how to copepods hide or reveal themselves?

A

shape their fluid motion
- 1st antennae: flick for rapid escape
- 2nd antennae: thoracic limbs create gliding and feeding current

39
Q

how do copepods organize fluid medium?

A
  • copepod moves through water it creates fluid disturbance
  • when it hovers it creates a laminar feeding current using fine setae on second antennae -> disturbance appears as lines of equal speed of fluid (isotachs)
  • sensors on antennae detect changes in speed of isotachs in three directions -> detect water-borne signals in 3 dimensions (x,y,z and time)
40
Q

how does viscosity change with temperature?

A

low temp = viscosity dominates
high temp = inertia dominates

41
Q

what is more developed in tropical copepods?

A

mechanisms that stop sinking

42
Q

what is more dense than water?

A

tissues

43
Q

how do planktonic plants and animals keep afloat?

A

shape-> broad shape prevents skinking
projections -> long spines prevent sinking
composition of tissues -> less dense tissues prevent sinking

44
Q

how to siphonophore float?

A

oil droplets
have a bell with float
- diatoms use same method

45
Q

who uses gas chambers to float?

A
  • physalia
  • vellela vellela
  • janthina
46
Q

describe janthina

A

> raft of bubbles with mucus
-> floats on ocean whole life
-> eats physalia and ellela vellela

47
Q

what is another method used to float?

A

mesoglea jelly -ECM
- made of hydrated collagen-like fibers
- neutrally buoyant due to density
- compressible and elastic for recoil when swimming

48
Q

what is transparency?

A
  • provides camo
  • involves whole organism
  • evolved multiple times
  • in ocean, transparent tissues make animal invisible
  • animals are in an arms race to find prey and avoid predators
49
Q

sighting distance

A

max distance which prey animal is detected by an animal relying on visual cues

50
Q

transparency

A
  • allows prey with short sighting distance to not be seen by visually orienting predators
  • ambush predators with short sighting distance to increase chances of entangling prey before being detected and avoided
  • raptors to get within striking distance before being detected
51
Q

what is polarization vision?

A
  • light is polarized when entering water
  • birefringent tissues seen in polarized light
52
Q

what is an example of birefrigent tissues?

A

copepods muscle

53
Q

describe the squid hatchlings use polarized vision

A

regular plastic beads and polarization active PA beads
-> hatchlings caught more beads that were PA than plain

54
Q

uv vision

A
  • animals can see in uv light
    -> mantis shrimp: 12 colors, polarized light, uv light , 16 color receptors

Bio 361- marine science (20 decks)

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