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Bio 361- marine science > Marine Mammals II > Flashcards

Marine Mammals II Flashcards

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1
Q

what kind of hunting grounds do sperm whales have?

A
  • deeper than 1000m for 1 hours
  • descend and ascend quick
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2
Q

what do sperm whales hunt?

A
  • spend 20-30 min hunting squid
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3
Q

what is the pressure like at 1000m?

A

101 atmospheres

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4
Q

what are the risks for air breathers associated with pressure?

A
  • nitrogen narcosis
  • embolism
  • bends
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5
Q

nitrogen narcosis

A

nitrogen dissolved in blood affects brain and thinking
- anesthetic effect
- alters consciousness

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6
Q

embolism

A

bursting of blood vessels in lungs due to blockage by bubbles
- air or gas
- air goes from the lungs to the blood stream

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7
Q

the bends

A

release of nitrogen gas into tissues and joints
- when pressure increases ( gas goes to liquid form)
- when the pressure decreases then goes from liquid to gas

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8
Q

what is the illness name for the bends?

A

decompression sickness

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9
Q

what happens to nitrogen with pressure?

A
  • it is compressed into liquid and enters muscles and joints by the bloodstream
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10
Q

what happens with nitrogen when returning to normal pressure?

A
  • comes out as gas bubbles in tissues ans joints
  • destroys joints = bends
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11
Q

how much air is exchanged with each breath?

A

20%
- exhale 16% of O2 taken in and only use 4-5%
- humans get bends from diving deep and surfacing quickly

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12
Q

what are the ways mammals prevent embolism and narcosis?

A
  1. compress the lung: store any gas in tough trachea (no exchange) -> elastic lungs (compression/expansion without energy) (lungs are mobile)
  2. more efficient use of air: few short breaths before diving, inhale same vol as land mammal but EXCHANGE 90% of vol each breath, extract most O2 from air inhaled (16%)
  3. restrict circulation b/w lungs and rest of circulatory system -> collapse alveoli when diving, close bronchiole valves to alveoli ( limits the movement of N2 gas)
  4. blood to brain through nitrogen filter (no narcosis)
  5. store O2 in muscle and blood rather than lungs (no embolism) -> (blood = high hemoglobin, muscle = high in myoglobin), increased vol of arteries and veins and increase blood cell concentration for carrying O2
  6. decrease HR when diving -> decreases oxygen consumption
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13
Q

what are the adaptations for diving?

A
  • collapse lung
  • push air into trachea- less gas exchange
  • store oxygen in blood/muscle - prevent embolism
  • efficient extraction of O2
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14
Q

what help sperm whales stay buoyant?

A

spermaceti organ -> becomes solid and heavier on descent and liquid and lighter on ascent
- changes with temperature

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15
Q

what causes dolphins and whales to carry out risky ascent behavior and what is the result?

A

naval sonar testing-> think it is a predator
- bends: nitrogen bubbles in tissues

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16
Q

what is found in Odontocetes?

A
  • mass stranding - use sonar for hunting
  • social groups
  • deep diving groups
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17
Q

what are the characteristics of deep diving groups?

A
  • sonar cannot detect sloping shorelines
  • groups - altruism is important
    -> follows the leader and then there is confusion and can cause issues
  • potential coupling to earth’s magnetic field -> used for navigation
18
Q

what is the main sense in marine mammals?

A

sound
- no smell
- sight is ok
- touch in close encounters

19
Q

what is used for topography?

A

low frequency clicks

20
Q

what is used for communication?

A

high frequency whistles

21
Q

what is used for hunting and finding food

A

high freq clicks
- for sending and receiving sounds

22
Q

how does echolocation work?

A
  • blowhole - sound generated
  • frontal surface of skull - sound reflected off surface
  • melon - sound focused
  • sound exits
23
Q

how does sound work in sperm whales?

A
  • sounds come out from trachea
  • goes through passage called the “monkey’s muzzle” -> makes sound energy audible
  • then goes through spermaceti organ
24
Q

what is the equivalent to monkey’s muzzle?

A

phonic lips

25
Q

where is sound focussed in sperm whales?

A

sound is reflected off air-filled sac on skull and enters Junk

26
Q

describe the sound, social behavior and intelligence of cetaceans

A
  • communicate with each other using sound
  • large brains relative to body size
  • altruism for other species
  • trained
27
Q

what are whale aunties?

A

females take turns diving for food when there are calves to be protected from killer whales by them
- matriarchal

28
Q

how do sperm whales communicate?

A
  • over long distances
  • clicks like morse code but of same length
  • codas personal signature
29
Q

what is logging?

A
  • whales sleep like a log when not moving
30
Q

how do M dolphins swim?

A

side by side

31
Q

what do calves do while with mother?

A

sleep while swimming and tow calves in slipstream
- not enough fat to float so need to rely on mother

32
Q

what do F dolphins do with their brains?

A

shut down half and switch to the other side

33
Q

what is a natural fertilizer in oceans?

A

whale poo
- kicks starts the food chain

34
Q

what is used to show the productivity in the ocean?

A

sea birds

35
Q

how much iron is found in the southern ocean?

A

12% of iron accounted from whale poop

36
Q

compare amount of iron in feces and saltwater

A

10 million times more iron in feces

37
Q

how do phytoplankton grown and allow for carbon sequestration?

A

baleen whales eat 1900 million tones of krill/year = 7600 tonnes of feces

38
Q

what are whales hunted for?

A
  • oil
  • meat
  • ambergris
  • baleen
  • whale bone
39
Q

what is the IWC?

A
  • international whale commission
  • founded in 1946
  • moratorium on whaling since 1982
  • 4 countries still whale for commercial and scientific reasons
  • southern ocean whale sanctuary established 1994
  • japan building new whaling “mother ship”
40
Q

what happened post whaling?

A
  • rebound
  • moratorium on whaling put in place in 1915
  • careful management of subsistence harvest

Bio 361- marine science (20 decks)

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