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Bio 361- marine science > Productivity > Flashcards

Productivity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what drives the productivity in the ocean?

A

plankton and coastal macroalgae (kelp forests)

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2
Q

what are phytoplankton?

A
  • microscopic algal cells that use chlorophyll to photosynthesize, uses sunlight and nutrients to make proteins, fats and carbs
  • live in upper part of ocean where sunlight hits
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3
Q

what are zooplankton?

A

microscopic to macroscopic animals that graze on phytoplankton

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4
Q

how are phytoplankton distributed?

A

discontinuous patches
- non-random clumped population
- concentrated at interfaces between water bodies

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5
Q

what color on a map shows the highest productivity?

A
  • red
  • most nutrients
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6
Q

why are there patterns of productivity?

A
  • turbulence and current transport at many spatial scales (conveyor belt, marginal seas)
  • different physical conditions seasonally and spatially
    ->light, temp, salinity
  • spatially discontinuous levels of grazing by zooplankton - food is patchy
  • localized reproduction -> max and min productivity depends on sunlight
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7
Q

what is the main cause of productivity?

A

turbulence or mixing

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8
Q

what causes spreading and mixing?

A

currents and wind

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9
Q

what causes Langmuir circulation?

A

currents converging

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10
Q

what causes eddies?

A

currents and coastlines

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11
Q

what do seasonal patterns depend on to cause differences?

A

latitude
- depending on the sunlight phytoplankton are either abundant or non-existent which causes zooplankton to fluctuate

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12
Q

which latitude has consistent levels of phytoplankton?

A

tropical

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13
Q

describe the mixing depth in the winter

A
  • storms mix water to a greater depth
  • less light
  • light doesn’t reach as deep so nutrients are deeper
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14
Q

describe the mixing depth in spring

A
  • water is mixed less
  • more light
  • light penetrates further
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15
Q

what changes as a result of mixing depth?

A

blooms and declining phytoplankton

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16
Q

compensation depth

A

photosynthesis = respiration
- above this depth is where phytoplankton photosynthesize

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17
Q

mixing depth

A

depth to which water column is mixed by winds
determines critical depth
-> more respiration than photosynthesis

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18
Q

critical depth

A

depth above which total oxygen produced in the water column = total oxygen consumed
- more respiration = more zooplankton to control phytoplankton = no bloom

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19
Q

what happens when the mixing depth is less than critical depth?

A

bloom

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20
Q

what happens when the mixing depth is more than the critical depth?

A

no bloom

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21
Q

what happens as a result of winter mixing?

A

brings nutrients to the surface

22
Q

what happens in spring sun to the bloom?

A

heats water and less mixing by wind so thermocline develops and cells are in nutrient rich calmer water = bloom

23
Q

how do you catch plankton?

A

plankton net
- cod end - name of tube at the end that catches plankton

24
Q

why do we study plankton?

A

carbon cycle -> phyto = uptake
zoo -> respiration

25
Q

what nutrients do phytoplankton need for growth?

A
  • nitrogen
  • phosphorus
  • silicon
  • iron
26
Q

what is nitrogen used for?

A

make proteins

27
Q

what 3 forms does N come in?

A

ammonium -> excretion by animals in water column (taken up the fastest)
nitrate - most abundant
nitrite - less common

28
Q

what does nitrate and nitrite need?

A

need enzymatic reduction to convert to ammonium
- nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase

29
Q

how is N formed?

A

new production - deep waters by mixing or upwelling
regenerated production - nutrients derived from excretion in surface waters
nitrogen fixation - some algal phytoplankton cells

30
Q

purpose of P

A
  • synthesis of ATP
  • required for lipids, DNA, fats/oils
31
Q

what forms do P come in?

A
  • dissolved inorganic phosphate
  • particulate phosphorus from sediments/rivers
  • some dissolved P in organic molecules
32
Q

redfield rations

A
  • constant ratio of N:P = 16:1 in oceans
  • phyto have 16:1 ratio
  • ocean have 14.7:1 ratio
  • nitrogen fixation by some plankton might make difference
33
Q

why is the ratio of N to P constant in all ocenas?

A

residence time of nutrients way longer than mixing time of oceans

34
Q

where does P come from?

A

land

35
Q

why is Si needed?

A

for diatom skeletons
- from land by weathering

36
Q

what is Fe used for?

A

cofactor in oxygen production step of photosynthesis
- crucial in parts of ocean where N is not limited

37
Q

what are the areas of where N is not limited called?

A

high nutrient/low productivity areas (HNLP)

38
Q

where are HNLP found?

A

antarctic ocean
north Pacific

39
Q

how do Si and Fe enter oceans?

A

by wind as dust

40
Q

where is a major source of iron dust?

A

Sahara

41
Q

what controls phytoplankton growth?

A

bottom up feeding

42
Q

what are organic trace substances important for?

A

auxotrophic

43
Q

how is C produced at the ocean surface taken deep?

A

physical: mixing at poles
- taking dissolving CO2 down with cold saline water
- bringing up CO2 from deep
biological: productivity
- taken up into phytoplankton by photosynthesis
- eaten and moved down as organic matter

44
Q

who eats most of the carbon?

A

zooplankton and nekton

45
Q

carbon sink

A

sinking water
- ecosystems where C is sequestered

46
Q

what are Larvacean houses?

A

big structures of mucus and cellulose that allow filter feeders to get C

47
Q

how is C transported to the seafloor?

A

larvaceans

48
Q

how is C caught?

A
  • put traps for sediment
  • caught larvacean houses
49
Q

how many blooms do polar regions have?

A

1

50
Q

how many blooms do temperate regions have?

A

2

Bio 361- marine science (20 decks)

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