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Bio 361- marine science > Marine Mammal I > Flashcards

Marine Mammal I Flashcards

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1
Q

describe marine mammals

A
  • warm blooded
  • air breathing
  • fur or hair at some stage
  • live young
  • young suckle milk
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2
Q

what are examples of cetaceans?

A
  • mysticetes
  • whales
  • porpoises
  • dolphins
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3
Q

what is an example of sirenians?

A

sea cows
Sirenia
- manatees and dugongs

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4
Q

what’s an example of carnivora?

A

pinnipeds - sea otters
- seals
- walruses
- sea lions

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5
Q

what are archaeocetes?

A

primitive cetaceans

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6
Q

what is Pakicetus?

A

archaeocete from Pakistan
- first identified cetacean

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7
Q

describe Zeuglodon

A
  • yolked tooth (double-rooted)
  • originally called Basilosaurus-> originally thought to be a lizard
  • small but well-developed hind limbs -> reduced as they became aquatic
  • modern whales have very reduced hind limbs and pelvis
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8
Q

describe carnivora

A
  • meat eating
  • prominent canine teeth
  • fur or blubber for warmth
  • slow swimmers but agile
  • dexterous limbs - hands for feeding
  • live close to shore- breed on land
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9
Q

how do sea otters live?

A
  • whole life in sea and seldom on land
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10
Q

what do sea otters eat?

A
  • shellfish and crustaceans
  • dive less than 30m but deep as 84m
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11
Q

how do sea otters eat?

A
  • feed on surface
  • carry stone under armpit to break open shells and urchins
  • folds of skin used as shopping bags tucking clams and crabs away to eat later on
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12
Q

how do sea otters modify their habitat?

A
  • selectively feed on molluscs and sea urchins
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13
Q

why is the sea otter population decreasing?

A
  • hunted for fur
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14
Q

why is re-introductions difficult?

A
  • not migratory species and stay in the same place
  • territorial
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15
Q

how many babies do females have and what is their gestation?

A
  • 1 pup per year
  • 4-12 month gestation
    -> delay implantation: common, when egg is fertilized there is delayed implantation so they can conserve energy until their own body has enough fat
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16
Q

how long do M and F live for?

A
  • F: 15-20
  • M: slightly shorter
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17
Q

what is the social life of sea otters?

A
  • polygamous -> polygynous (more F than M)
  • social
  • live in rafts of same sex
  • males are solitary and defend territories - fight for good territory so it’s attractive to F if you have good land
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18
Q

how many layers does the fur have?

A
  • 2 layers - undercoat and long guard hairs
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19
Q

what is in between the layers?

A

air
- blow air bubbles into fur for insulation
- reduce amount of water touching the body so they can keep warm

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20
Q

why do they have to eat so much?

A
  • live in cold water
  • have to eat 25% of weight in food each day to keep warm
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21
Q

what kind of species are otters?

A
  • keystone
    -> preference of urchins modifies habitat
  • urchins graze kelps so they decreased
  • otters remove urchins and grazing
  • otters allow kelp to grow stabilizing water column nearshore (larval settlement)
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22
Q

what is the trophic cascade that has otters?

A

kelp
sea urchin
otter
killer whale

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23
Q

what happens when sea otter population is low?

A

killer whales eat lots of otters
otters eat less urchin
urchin population is high so graze on kelp lots

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24
Q

what happens when sea otter population is high?

A

sea urchin is low and kelp population is high

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25
Q

what are pinnipeds?

A
  • seals
  • sea lions
  • walruses
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26
Q

which species are the most versatile?

A

pinnipeds

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27
Q

what kind of temps can pinnipeds tolerate?

A

extremes

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28
Q

where do pinnipeds live?

A

land and water

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29
Q

describe walruses

A
  • 2 types: Northern Atlantic and pacific/arctic
  • large
  • tusks of ivory -> M have longer tusks which shows good mate or not -> sweep oceanfloor
  • feed on benthic invertebrates (vibrissae= whiskers- sensitive)
  • loss of hair - thick blubber insulates
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30
Q

what are true seals?

A

earless seals - Phocidae

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31
Q

how are Phocidae adapted to life in water?

A
  • cannot move back limbs under body -> no standing
  • good swimmers, use undulating motion of back flippers
  • cold climate seal - fur and blubber
  • ears are flat to head
  • abundant in Arctic
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32
Q

what are sea/fur lions?

A

eared- Otariidae
- external ears

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33
Q

how are Otariidae adapted for life on land?

A
  • move legs under body
  • large flexible body
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34
Q

what are Otariidae social lives like?

A
  • large social groups
  • form harems to mate (5-15F : 1M)
  • aggressive
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35
Q

how do Phocids feed?

A
  • streamlined movement
  • forage at great depths
  • air forced from lungs
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36
Q

how do Otariids feeds?

A
  • known for agility
  • feed in upwelling areas close to breeding sites -> lots of productivity
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37
Q

what are Pinniped adaptations for swimming/hunting?

A
  • 5-15 knots cruise speeds
  • 25-30 knots for burst swimming
  • fins and flippers for acceleration
  • flippers are dexterous with claws to create breathing holes in sea ice
  • neck vertebrae flexible
38
Q

how do Pinniped move on land?

A
  • true seals wriggle and leap out of water
  • eared seals hind flippers rotate under body, good for walking
39
Q

how do Pinniped regulate temps?

A
  • large size allows for better control of heat loss and keep heat at core
  • insulation blubber (walruses and elephant seals)
  • fur: 2 layers
  • arctic: fur and blubber
  • pups use fur and adipose tissue (fat)
40
Q

where do polar bears live?

A

sea ice

41
Q

what are polar bears marine adaptations?

A
  • head shape - streamlined, long neck to grab seals
  • paws - long hair and grips
  • lipivore - fat based diet
42
Q

where do Dugongs live?

A

indo pacific

43
Q

where do manatees live?

A

tropical atlantic

44
Q

what kind of habitats for manatees and dugongs have?

A
  • shallow bays
  • eat sea grasses and invertebrates
  • important for ecosystem diversity
45
Q

what is reproduction like for manatees and dugongs?

A
  • female bear 1 calf every 3-7 year
  • live up to 70 years
46
Q

what belong to the cetacea?

A

dolphins
whales
porpoises

47
Q

describe cetacea

A
  • mammals in sea
  • warm blooded
  • air breathing
  • largest animals
  • fast swimmers (muscular body, tail flukes with forelimbs used as stabilizers)
  • dolphins (5-9 knots)
  • rorquals (2-16 knots)
48
Q

what is used to shed skin and reduce drag?

A
  • skin secretes polymer - ethylene oxide droplets
49
Q

what is used in perfume?

A

ambergris
- product of digestion
- in intestine and rectum of sperm whales

50
Q

what are cetaceans common features?

A
  • horizontal tail
  • nearly hairless - blubber for warmth
  • streamlined body for speed - less drag
  • forelimbs modified into flippers
  • specialized inner ear - ear canal in non-functional, lower jaw conducts sound to the inner ear which has lots of ganglia cells for better hearing
51
Q

how do mysticetes sieve food?

A

fine plates of baleen

52
Q

what is baleen?

A

protein formed like a comb
- fiber-like threads free on inner side that trap plankton

53
Q

what do mysticetes filter?

A

shrimp and plankton

54
Q

Which species sieve?

A

skim feeders
bulldozers
lunge feeders

55
Q

how big is the bowhead whale mouth?

A

1/3 of body

56
Q

how big are the bowhead whale baleen plates?

A

longest ever up to 4 m

57
Q

what is the bowhead lifespan like?

A

longest lived mammals up to 200 years

58
Q

what species are skim feeders?

A

right and bowhead whales

59
Q

how do right whales eat?

A

skim the surface and high blubber content so float when dead

60
Q

what kind of feeders are grey whales?

A

bulldozers

61
Q

how do gray whales eat?

A
  • skim plankton or bulldozing sediment to sieve worms and crustaceans
62
Q

what side do gray whales prefer when bulldozing?

A
  • right side bc often go blind in right eye from abrasion
63
Q

how doe gray whales reproduce?

A

reproduce in south warm water and migrate north in summer to feed

64
Q

what is the migration of gray whales like?

A

22,000km annual migration to summer polar feeding grounds
- winter mating and calving in Baja

65
Q

how do whales travel?

A
  • in pods for hunting and social
66
Q

what is the number of whales in a pod dependent on?

A

abundance of food

67
Q

what does Antarctic convergence have?

A

huge amounts of krill

68
Q

what kinds of whales can be found in the same place?

A

right and sperm

69
Q

what are lunge feeders?

A
  • Rorquals = furrow whales
70
Q

what doe Rorquals eat?

A
  • lunges up through mass of plankton
71
Q

what special feature do Rorquals have?

A

pleated expandable throat

72
Q

what kind of species are Rorquals?

A
  • minke
  • fin
  • humpback
  • blue whales
73
Q

how do Rorquals eat?

A

sieve plankton through sheets of baleen
- 3600 kg krill/day
- feed for 120 days

74
Q

what is bubble net feeding?

A
  • humpback whales feed cooperatively by generating bubble nets to force plankton into single place - work together
75
Q

what are odontocetes?

A

toothed whales

76
Q

what family do orcas and dolphins belong to?

A

delphindae
- killer whales

77
Q

what kind of eaters are orcas?

A

social hunters that eat diverse prey
- generalists
- eat salmon, seals, otters and sharks

78
Q

what are residents?

A
  • little migration, eat salmon and fish
79
Q

what are transients?

A
  • migrate N and S BC coast
  • eat seals, fish, otters, marine birds
  • more generalists than residents
80
Q

what are offshore?

A

live away from coast
- sharks
- less options

81
Q

how can we distinguish residents, transients and offshores apart?

A

saddle patches
- differ in shape, size and opacity

82
Q

what is Physeteridae?

A

sperm whales

83
Q

what is a special feature of sperm whales?

A

spermaceti - product from head of sperm whales which echolocate
- 35% of body is the head - remarkable acoustic lens
- wax-like material
- acoustic lens or buoyancy

84
Q

what is the purpose of echolocate?

A

send info out and direct auditory info

85
Q

what results from irritation of squid beaks in intestine?

A

ambergris

86
Q

what do sperm whales hunt?

A

giant squid in > 1000m depths

87
Q

what species belong to monodontidae?

A

beluga and narwhal

88
Q

where do beluga and narwhal live?

A

endemic to arctic

89
Q

describe belugas

A

white
no dorsal fin (easy to swim under sea ice)
teeth to catch squid, fish and invertebrates
bulb on head for echolocation (34 calls)
travel in small group
summer in estuaries for moulting and calving (not enough fat for thermoregulation)

90
Q

describe narwhals

A
  • 2 canine teeth -> 1 grows into a tusk which is a status symbol and sensory organ
  • feed on large fish
  • lack dorsal fin

Bio 361- marine science (20 decks)

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