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Bio 361- marine science > Marine Resources > Flashcards

Marine Resources Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what percentage of food do humans consume from the sea?

A

16-38%
- regional and temporal variance

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2
Q

how much of the protein diet in island communities?

A

98% (FAO)

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3
Q

what is MSY?

A
  • maximum sustainable yield
    -> max biomass that can be removed from standing stock yearly and still retains a viable fishery
  • regional stocks are monitored separately
  • used to sustain the populations
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4
Q

what is standing stock?

A
  • specified amount of organisms in system at any one time
  • successful fisheries leave enough individuals from standing stock to repopulate ecosystem
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5
Q

what causes variation in standing stock?

A
  • recruitment - reproduction
  • survival
  • nutrients - resources
  • location - spatially constrained or one area becomes disturbed
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6
Q

what is the allee effect?

A
  • depensation
  • too few adults to produce sufficient recruitment to sustain pop
  • occurs in small pop
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7
Q

what are the methods for sustainable marine mammal fisheries?

A
  • potential biological removal
  • risk based approach
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8
Q

is this PBR or risk based approach?

A
  • max number of animals that may be removed from marine mammal stock while allowing stock to reach or maintain its optimum sustainable population
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9
Q

what is the optimum sustainable population?

A

the number of animals that’ll result in max productivity

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10
Q

is this PBR or risk based approach?

A
  • model assessment that estimates the risk of population decline under various harvest scenarios
    goal is 5% risk of decline - precautionary risk
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11
Q

what are the two types of fisheries?

A

long lines and drift-net fisheries

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12
Q

how do long lines catch fish?

A

there is a net that trails behind boats and are weighed down

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13
Q

what are drift nets?

A
  • suspended nets in the water column
  • floaters on the top
  • weights on the bottom
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14
Q

where are fisheries found?

A

off shore

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15
Q

what happened in 1991 for reduction efforts?

A

moratorium on driftnet fishing

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16
Q

what happened in 1996?

A

take reduction team - NOAA
- recover and prevent marine mammal depletyion
-> focused on the relative strengths and limitation of different weak rope configurations
-> focused on relacing existing ropes with sleeves, spliced or tapered line, toppers and/or line capped at 1700 lb breaking strength as alternative ways to minimize likelihood of serious injury or mortality to right whales entangled in line
-> decrease bycatch using ropes

17
Q

what is the purpose of the Pacific Leatherback Conservation Area?

A
  • fisheries are active during the summer months and so they closed close the area off to stop bycatch from occurring
18
Q

what is trawling?

A
  • ploughing the deep sea floor -> offset balance
  • uses a big net to catch benthic organisms
19
Q

what are the two effects of trawling?

A
  • flattening of habitat - reduces heterogeneity
  • increase of suspended sediment
20
Q

what are compensation catches?

A

blue marlin decreases then sailfish increases but then decreases and so swordfish increases and is the new target bc of compensation catches

21
Q

which province is the larger grower of salmon?

A

BC
- enclosed in pens and there is no natural repro and nutrients are pumped

22
Q

what are the challenges on aquaculture?

A
  • feed source - sustainable food sources
  • waste - lots of fish in one area causing algae bloom
  • antibiotics/chemicals - reduce algae growth
  • sea lice transfer to wild populations
23
Q

what are the sea animals found in aquaculture?

A
  • bivalves
  • shrimp
  • algae
24
Q

what is a problem with shrimp in aquaculture?

A

grow out ponds can be destructive to habitats

25
Q

what are the uses of algae?

A
  • food
  • nutritional supplements
  • algin-emulsifier
  • food stabilizer
26
Q

what are two renewable energy resources?

A

wind
ocean currents - Aquanator (Aus)
wave energy - LIMPET (scotland)
tidal energy

27
Q

what are the challenges with wind energy?

A
  • wildlife migration routes
  • remote locations for grid access
  • noise/aesthetics
28
Q

what is the major resource that provides majority of the economic value of marine resources?

A

95%
- oceanic sources - major new sources

29
Q

what is another non-renewable energy resources?

A
  • methane
  • huge
  • found in substrate that is stable at high pressure and low temp
30
Q

where is the oil in oceans found?

A

natural seeps
- 45-46%

31
Q

how was oil introduced to the oceans?

A
  • humans
  • oil spills, leaks, storm drainage
  • contributes to massive oil pollution
  • effects are immediate and long-term
  • type of oil into not reg system
  • rate of oil into system is fast
32
Q

what are the long-term impacts of oil spills?

A

abnormal development and mutations
- PAH - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
-> derivative of fossil fuel
- hydrophobic
- attach to sediment
- induce cancers

33
Q

what does stress responses do to the environment?

A
  • oil spill on Galapagos affects marine iguanas of another island
  • corticosteroids increased iguana pop after spill
  • after high sea surface temp anomalies
  • iguana pop decline - starved
  • small amounts of oil destroy the gut bacterial fauana
34
Q

what does mining produce in terms of non-renewable resources?

A
  • phosphate fertilizer
  • manganese nodules - alloys
  • metal sulfides - metals
  • copper
35
Q

what is deep sea mining regulated by?

A

international seabed authority

36
Q

what occurred in Naru?

A

they requested to deep sea mine but they have to be registered to do that so they requested ISA to create regulations but they did not
- exploited resources so needed to deep sea dive to sustain economy

37
Q

what are marine natural products?

A
  • salt and marine invertebrates
    -> rich source of novel chemical compounds
    -> harvest invertebrates - isolate compounds
  • test effectiveness as (anti-viral agents, anti-cancer, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatories)
38
Q

what did Gertrude Elion do?

A
  • nobel prize for making acyclovir - purine derived from marine sponge

Bio 361- marine science (20 decks)

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