Marine Resources

Question 1

what percentage of food do humans consume from the sea?

Answer 1

16-38%
- regional and temporal variance

Question 2

how much of the protein diet in island communities?

Answer 2

98% (FAO)

Question 3

what is MSY?

Answer 3

• maximum sustainable yield
  -> max biomass that can be removed from standing stock yearly and still retains a viable fishery
• regional stocks are monitored separately
• used to sustain the populations

Question 4

what is standing stock?

Answer 4

• specified amount of organisms in system at any one time
• successful fisheries leave enough individuals from standing stock to repopulate ecosystem

Question 5

what causes variation in standing stock?

Answer 5

• recruitment - reproduction
• survival
• nutrients - resources
• location - spatially constrained or one area becomes disturbed

Question 6

what is the allee effect?

Answer 6

• depensation
• too few adults to produce sufficient recruitment to sustain pop
• occurs in small pop

Question 7

what are the methods for sustainable marine mammal fisheries?

Answer 7

• potential biological removal
• risk based approach

Question 8

is this PBR or risk based approach?

Answer 8

• max number of animals that may be removed from marine mammal stock while allowing stock to reach or maintain its optimum sustainable population

Question 9

what is the optimum sustainable population?

Answer 9

the number of animals that’ll result in max productivity

Question 10

is this PBR or risk based approach?

Answer 10

• model assessment that estimates the risk of population decline under various harvest scenarios
  goal is 5% risk of decline - precautionary risk

Question 11

what are the two types of fisheries?

Answer 11

long lines and drift-net fisheries

Question 12

how do long lines catch fish?

Answer 12

there is a net that trails behind boats and are weighed down

Question 13

what are drift nets?

Answer 13

• suspended nets in the water column
• floaters on the top
• weights on the bottom

Question 14

where are fisheries found?

Answer 14

off shore

Question 15

what happened in 1991 for reduction efforts?

Answer 15

moratorium on driftnet fishing

Question 16

what happened in 1996?

Answer 16

take reduction team - NOAA
- recover and prevent marine mammal depletyion
-> focused on the relative strengths and limitation of different weak rope configurations
-> focused on relacing existing ropes with sleeves, spliced or tapered line, toppers and/or line capped at 1700 lb breaking strength as alternative ways to minimize likelihood of serious injury or mortality to right whales entangled in line
-> decrease bycatch using ropes

Question 17

what is the purpose of the Pacific Leatherback Conservation Area?

Answer 17

• fisheries are active during the summer months and so they closed close the area off to stop bycatch from occurring

Question 18

what is trawling?

Answer 18

• ploughing the deep sea floor -> offset balance
• uses a big net to catch benthic organisms

Question 19

what are the two effects of trawling?

Answer 19

• flattening of habitat - reduces heterogeneity
• increase of suspended sediment

Question 20

what are compensation catches?

Answer 20

blue marlin decreases then sailfish increases but then decreases and so swordfish increases and is the new target bc of compensation catches

Question 21

which province is the larger grower of salmon?

Answer 21

BC
- enclosed in pens and there is no natural repro and nutrients are pumped

Question 22

what are the challenges on aquaculture?

Answer 22

• feed source - sustainable food sources
• waste - lots of fish in one area causing algae bloom
• antibiotics/chemicals - reduce algae growth
• sea lice transfer to wild populations

Question 23

what are the sea animals found in aquaculture?

Answer 23

• bivalves
• shrimp
• algae

Question 24

what is a problem with shrimp in aquaculture?

Answer 24

grow out ponds can be destructive to habitats

Question 25

what are the uses of algae?

Answer 25

- food - nutritional supplements - algin-emulsifier - food stabilizer

Question 26

what are two renewable energy resources?

Answer 26

wind ocean currents - Aquanator (Aus) wave energy - LIMPET (scotland) tidal energy

Question 27

what are the challenges with wind energy?

Answer 27

- wildlife migration routes - remote locations for grid access - noise/aesthetics

Question 28

what is the major resource that provides majority of the economic value of marine resources?

Answer 28

95% - oceanic sources - major new sources

Question 29

what is another non-renewable energy resources?

Answer 29

- methane - huge - found in substrate that is stable at high pressure and low temp

Question 30

where is the oil in oceans found?

Answer 30

natural seeps - 45-46%

Question 31

how was oil introduced to the oceans?

Answer 31

- humans - oil spills, leaks, storm drainage - contributes to massive oil pollution - effects are immediate and long-term - type of oil into not reg system - rate of oil into system is fast

Question 32

what are the long-term impacts of oil spills?

Answer 32

abnormal development and mutations - PAH - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -> derivative of fossil fuel - hydrophobic - attach to sediment - induce cancers

Question 33

what does stress responses do to the environment?

Answer 33

- oil spill on Galapagos affects marine iguanas of another island - corticosteroids increased iguana pop after spill - after high sea surface temp anomalies - iguana pop decline - starved - small amounts of oil destroy the gut bacterial fauana

Question 34

what does mining produce in terms of non-renewable resources?

Answer 34

- phosphate fertilizer - manganese nodules - alloys - metal sulfides - metals - copper

Question 35

what is deep sea mining regulated by?

Answer 35

international seabed authority

Question 36

what occurred in Naru?

Answer 36

they requested to deep sea mine but they have to be registered to do that so they requested ISA to create regulations but they did not - exploited resources so needed to deep sea dive to sustain economy

Question 37

what are marine natural products?

Answer 37

- salt and marine invertebrates -> rich source of novel chemical compounds -> harvest invertebrates - isolate compounds - test effectiveness as (anti-viral agents, anti-cancer, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatories)

Question 38

what did Gertrude Elion do?

Answer 38

- nobel prize for making acyclovir - purine derived from marine sponge