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Bio 361- marine science > Nekton - Vertebrates > Flashcards

Nekton - Vertebrates Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what’s an example of Agnatha?

A

hagfish
lampreys

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2
Q

what’s an example of Chondrichthyes?

A

sharks

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3
Q

what’s an example of Osteichthyes?

A

teleosts

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4
Q

what is agnatha?

A

jawless fishes

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5
Q

what are chondrichthyes?

A

cartilaginous fishes
- sharks
- skates
- rays
- chimeras

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6
Q

describe Chondrichthyes

A
  • cartilaginous skeleton
  • replaceable tooth rows
  • dermal skeleton
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7
Q

describe osteichthyes

A
  • bony fishes
  • true bony skeleton
  • more diverse than Chondrichthyes
  • teeth fixed in jaws
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8
Q

describe lampreys

A

freshwater
eel-like
parasites

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9
Q

describe hagfish

A
  • marine
  • eel-like
  • scavengers
  • eat dead animals and worms and snails
  • tie self into a knot and move forwards
  • rough skin - absorb nutrients through skin
  • secrete immense amount of slime for defense = slime eels
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10
Q

why do hagfish have rough skin?

A

allows for extra nutrients to get absorbed because scavenging can only provide so much nutrients

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11
Q

what are the kinds of fishes?

A
  • rover
  • surface oriented
  • bottom fish
  • deep bodied
  • eel like
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12
Q

whats an example of surface oriented fish?

A

flying fish

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13
Q

whats an example of a bottom fish?

A

small fish, snails and crabs
-> dorsoventrally flattened

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14
Q

whats an example of a deep bodied fish?

A

herbivores or coral specialists
-> specialized bottom feeders

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15
Q

what is form a combination of?

A
  • acceleration -> maximized by repulsion
  • cruising -> continued undulation -> stiff bodies
  • maneuvering -> deep bodied fish. sudden changes in movement
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16
Q

poikilotherms

A
  • most fish are cold blooded but some are endothermic to allow for hunting in cold waters
    -> tuna and swordfishes
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17
Q

what is an example of a cruising specialist?

A

tuna - predator

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18
Q

what is an example of maneuvering specialist?

A

butterfly fish - coral and herbivore

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19
Q

what is an example of an acceleration specialist?

A

barracuda - predator

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20
Q

what does swimming involve?

A

undulation of entire body

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21
Q

how does a shark move?

A

thrusts depending on the shape of the tail

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22
Q

what are the components of force during swimming?

A

propulsive element
side force
thrust
normal force

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23
Q

mola mola

A
  • three species
  • pufferfish
  • slow moving
  • deep diving
  • feed on jellyfish
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24
Q

compare sharks and bony fish

A

sharks have cartilage making them light
bony fish have mineral skeletons making them heavier

25
Q

how do sharks control buoyancy?

A

fat storage in liver

26
Q

how do bony fish stay neutrally buoyant?

A

regulate bulk chemistry

27
Q

are bones and tissues denser than water?

A

yes

28
Q

what is the purpose of swim bladder?

A

in bony fishes so gas is exchanged by a network of capillaries called the rete mirabile

29
Q

rete mirabile

A

exchange of gas in from blood into swim bladder
- oxygen is exchanged into swim bladder and O2 leaves and goes into bladder

30
Q

oxygen use in fish

A

oxygen exchange
- water flows over gill lamellae and oxygen diffuses into gills

31
Q

what is countercurrent exchange?

A

blood flow is in opposite direction of water flow
- blood flow picks O2 which is opposite to water

32
Q

solute exchange in sharks

A

isotonic
- blood osmolarity almost the same as seawater
- sharks do not need to drink water
- solute excretion via rectal gland
-> same solute concentration as water

33
Q

solute exchange in bony fish

A

hypotonic
- blood has fewer solutes than sw
- drink a lot of water and excrete solutes
- solute excretion over gills (via chloride cells)

34
Q

can sharks live in freshwater?

A

yes for extended periods as they retain the salt from the ocean and recycle it in the body

35
Q

bull sharks

A
  • conserve urea
  • absorb salts
  • juveniles found high in estuaries -> maintain internal salinity and can be found very high up in fresher water
36
Q

dogfish

A
  • unable to survive long-term fresher than 50/50
  • known to enter estuaries
  • cannot live higher up in estuaries
37
Q

how do predatory sharks feed?

A

teeth produced by tooth bed but temporary
- dentine but no root
- drop one a week minimum
- teeth in skin -> placoids, provide protection but light weight

38
Q

basking sharks

A
  • larger filter
  • gill rakers -> bars on gills with filaments that collect tiny particles
  • temperate water distribution
  • feed on copepods, shrimp and fish eggs
  • passively consume water and captures the floaty bits
39
Q

whale sharks

A
  • filter plankton using gill rakers
  • long life span
  • ovoviviparous -> birth to live young hatched from eggs inside female
  • largest known extant fish
  • exchanged
  • huge migratory areas
  • overlap with tuna
  • hunted for fins illegally
40
Q

oviparous

A

lay egg cases
- sharks and rays

41
Q

viviparous

A

placental
- birth to live young
- bull shark

42
Q

ovviparous

A

produce eggs which hatch inside female
- birth to live young
- dogfish
- whale shark

43
Q

sensory systems

A
  • hearing
  • lateral line systems
  • ampullae of Lorenzini
  • smell
  • eyesight
44
Q

describe the hearing system

A

ears behind eyes
- hair cells very sensitive to low frequency sounds and have good directional hearing

45
Q

describe lateral line system

A

hair cells in fluid-filled canals down head and trunk - detect water vibrations
- separate nerve endings

46
Q

ampullae of lorenzini

A

small pores filled with glycoproteins detect electrical fields

47
Q

smell

A

excellent smell through nares

48
Q

eyesight

A

color vision and see well in low intensity with two specialized features

49
Q

what is used for low light in eyesight?

A

tapetum lucidum

50
Q

what is tapetum lucidum?

A

reflective surface behind the retina boosts the visual signal in low light levels

51
Q

what is nictating membrane?

A

cover over the eye to protect it from damage when feeding

52
Q

what are the 7 species of sea turtles?

A
  • loggerhead (most common)
  • green (two subspecies possible)
  • hawksbill
  • kemp ridleys and olive ridleys
  • flatback
  • leatherback
53
Q

describe leatherback turtles

A
  • adaptions for anaerobic respiration during long dives
  • small lung
  • sphincter that shuts lungs off
  • leatherback has compressible shell
  • increased blood vol and increased concentration of myoglobin
  • largest
  • fastest -> high Re
  • longest migrations
  • single member of group with bony skin
  • feed mainly on jellyfish
    -»»> critically endangered
54
Q

ridleys’ turtle

A

mass egg laying events “arribadas”
- only sea turtle that does synchronous egg laying

55
Q

loggerhead

A
  • massive head
  • strong jaw for eating molluscs
  • keystone species for role in moving nutrients on reef
  • large number of eggs per nest
  • eats shells and leaves calcium out for the ocean floor
56
Q

describe the life history of turtles

A
  • maturity is 11-40 years
  • females return to land to lay eggs
  • lay up to 100+ eggs/nest
  • incubation time is approx 2 months
  • young turtles fed upon by birds and fish
  • eggs dug up for food by people
  • temp dependent sex determination
57
Q

how does temp affect sex determination?

A

climate change means the globe is warming up meaning that there are more F than M
- females incubate above 31C
- males incubate below 27C

58
Q
A

Bio 361- marine science (20 decks)

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