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Bio 361- marine science > Animals of the Intertidal Zone > Flashcards

Animals of the Intertidal Zone Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are examples of echinodermata?

A
  • sea star - Pisaster brevispinus, Pycnopodia (typical)
  • sand dollar - Dendraster
  • sea cucumber - Apostichopus
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2
Q

what does echinodedrmata mean?

A

spiny skin

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3
Q

what are the characteristics of echinodermata?

A
  • pentaradiate symmetry: 5 arms, 5 rows of tube feet - asymmetrical
  • hydrostatic skeleton - water vascular system (tube feet)
  • no brain
  • nerves control all tube feet, sensing light, smell, gravity
  • calcium carbonate skeleton - plates (ossicles) -> held together by collagen which is almost muscle
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4
Q

what is WVS?

A

system of hydraulics for locomotion, feeding, sensing
- controls tube feet

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5
Q

WVS parts

A
  • stone canal - projects off ring canal and connexts to madreporite
  • polian vessicles - bulbs to ring canal, holds water to maintain internal pressure
  • radial canals - go down arms and it is a series of lateral canals
  • ring canal - central canal
  • lateral canals - off radial canals
  • ampulla - pouch that expands or contracts to control water flow to tube feet
  • mandreporite
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6
Q

MCT

A

mutable collagenous tissue
- stiffen spines
- autotomize arms or spines - loss of limbs
- contract in Crinoids
- changes mechanical properties fast

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7
Q

what is used for defense?

A

spines
- stimulus (touch) -> cross links collagen -> stiffen

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8
Q

describe MCT

A
  • cross links ECM using calcium
  • calcium is released from cells or taken up from cells
  • by neuronal impulses
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9
Q

what is the steps for MCT?

A
  • softening signal moves calcium into cells
  • resting state
  • stiffening signal moves calcium out of cells into ECM
    -> stiffness progresses with each step
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10
Q

how do sea stars feed?

A
  • hydraulic skeleton and MCT to pry open bivalves
    1. grasp onto two valves with adhesive glues on their feet
    2. lock collagen in places (use MCT to stiffen arms for traction)
    3. use WVS to move water in radial canals and ring canals to pull tube feet and open valves enough to insert loose “cardiac stomach” - external digestion
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11
Q

what do purple urchins have and what makes them special?

A
  • use spines and teeth to burrow into sandstone
  • Aristotle’s lantern - 5 teeth help and moved by muscles
  • graze algae off rocks
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12
Q

what is used for defence?

A

pedicellaria - small claw appendages
- biting jaws
- toxic jaws for protection
- Toxopneustes - pedicellaria with toxins - clamps onto and releases toxins

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13
Q

what belongs to phylum arthropoda?

A

“jointed legs”
- crabs
- decapod crustaceans (10 walking legs)

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14
Q

what is the skeleton made of for arthropoda?

A

chitin
calcium carbonate

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15
Q

how do crabs grow?

A

moult
- produce hormone to release old skeleton from tissue
- crabs slides out from old carapace and its soft
- inflates new skeleton with water and new chitin hardens over hours to days

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16
Q

what is the body of arthropoda like?

A
  • thorax and abdomen which is tucked under body
  • 5 pairs of legs on thorax
  • 10 walking legs - decapoda
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17
Q

what is the hormone produced by arthropoda?

A

ecdysone

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18
Q

where do crabs live?

A

subtidal or intertidal

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19
Q

what do rock crabs eat?

A

snails

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20
Q

where do porcelain crabs live?

A

under rocks

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21
Q

how do Petrolisthes cinctipes eat?

A

filter feeds using antennae

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22
Q

how do Petrolisthes eriomerus eat?

A

deposit feeds using mops or setae on chelae

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23
Q

what is the point of appendages?

A

feeding
walking
sensing
mating

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24
Q

what is found on claws and legs?

A

sensory setae to feel motion and smell water

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25
Q

how do crabs eat?

A

specialized mouth parts and claws for crushing, tearing and deposit feeding or filtering

26
Q

what is found on mole crabs?

A

sensory setae on tail fan

27
Q

what do mole crabs do?

A

burrows in sand on wave-swept beaches and filters with antennae
- setae sense flow, chemicals, predators and mates

28
Q

what do northern cling-fish eat?

A

limpets, shrimp and clingfish

29
Q

how do northern cling-fish stay put?

A

sucker on ventral side with hairs
- adhesion like gecko feet by molecular attraction

30
Q

how do pacific spiny lumpsucker adhere?

A

sucker derived from modified pelvic fins

31
Q

what do pacific spiny lump sucker eat?

A

worms
snails
other sessile invertebrates

32
Q

what is the species name for barnacles?

A

cirripedia

33
Q

where are crustaceans?

A

barnacles

34
Q

how do crustaceans settle?

A

on their heads

35
Q

how do crustaeans feed?

A

with their feet

36
Q

what are barnacle legs called?

A

cirri
- rake water for plankton
- hold cirri into strong flow

37
Q

describe goose neck barnacle

A
  • found on wave-swept shores - withstand wave action - flexible
  • flexible muscular stalk - attach to substrate using stalk
38
Q

what are the two main body regions for gastropod molluscs?

A

head and foot
viscera and shell

39
Q

what is a mantle?

A
  • molluscan character
  • tissue that secretes shell
40
Q

what is the purpose of the cephalic tentacle?

A

sensing chemicals/touch on head

41
Q

how do molluscs feed?

A

radula -> ribbon on teeth capped with iron
- new teeth are constantly formed

42
Q

what are predatory snails called?

A

drills
- drill into prey by boring a hole in the shell
- insert their proboscis into hole and inject enzymes to digest the prey

43
Q

what is a proboscis?

A

mouth on end of long tube

44
Q

how do herbivorous snails eat?

A

use radula to graze on algae

45
Q

where do radula bore holes?

A

over main organs

46
Q

what are bivalves?

A

mussels
- mollusc with two shells hinged at one point
- burrows in sand and attaches to rock with sticky protein threads - byssus threads
- feed by filtering water over gills
- no radula

47
Q

what are some examples of chiton?

A
  • carnivorous chiton
  • mossy chiton
  • gumboot chiton
48
Q

what are sea anemones?

A

anthozoa - Gr flower animal
- cnidarians - feed with stinging cells “cnidocytes”
- sessile
- have symbiotic algae which photosynthesize - share nutrients
- capture prey with tentacles - upside down tentacles

49
Q

cnidocytes

A
  • specialized organelle that fires when a hair cilium is triggered, releasing stick, piercing, poison dart into prey
50
Q

what are aggregating anemones?

A

anthopleura elegantissima

51
Q

describe anthopleura elegantissima

A

colonial and clonal (sexual and asexual)
feed cooperatively
colonies fight - scouts and warrior clones

52
Q

what do warrior clones have?

A

inflate special short tentacles called acrorhagi to sting other colonies

53
Q

what is Nemerteans?

A

unerring
ribbon worms
special circular muscles
stretchy
elongate
Rhyncocoel: cavity at front with piercing weapon - stylet ejected rapidly to capture and poison prey

54
Q

what are Platyhelminthes?

A

flat worms
no body cavity
some have pharynx - extrude from center of body and into prey

55
Q

what are polychaetes?

A

many setae
segmented with gut
feet or appendages on each segment - walk, feed or respire
predators like Nereis - capture using pharynx

56
Q

what are neresis parapodia?

A

specialize as paddles when it becomes reproductive and must swim

57
Q

what do Halosydna have?

A

scales called Elytra on Halosydna

58
Q

what are serpulids?

A

fan or feather worms
- polychaetes with anterior end specialized for suspension feeding
- sessile
- secrete tube of calcium or protein on rocks
- parapodia run up and down tube
- anterior appendages branch into two fans of feather-like structures that filter water with cilia
- one appendage acts as operculum - close top of tube and prevent desication

59
Q

what are bryozoans?

A

moss animals
share a feeding organ
lophophore that is shaped like a loop and ciliated

60
Q

what are Porifera?

A
  • pore bearer
  • encrusting or massive that is tube or vase-shaped
  • pump cells - collar cells (choanocytes) that fraw water in through channels in body - decreasing in diameter until water slows so much that bacteria are plucked out by individual cells and eaten
  • holes visible on surface are excurrent vents - oscula
61
Q

what are urochordates?

A
  • ascidians
  • solitary
  • compound
  • colonial
  • jacket out of tunicin (cellulose-like material)
  • feed by pumping water into body via buccal siphon, over mesh the branchial basket, capturing plankton on mucus
  • mucus spun across basket by cilia, captured on dorsal side, transported to mouth and eat
  • water squirts out atrial siphone
  • larval stage like tadpole

Bio 361- marine science (20 decks)

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