water part 2

Question 1

Water conservation

Answer 1

reduce leakages 
improve public awareness of the importance of saving water 
water meters 
prevent pollution
turn off tap when brushing teeth

Question 2

what different strategies can help to create sustainable water supplies

Answer 2

groundwater management
recycling
ways to conserve water
using greywater

Question 3

Recycling

Answer 3

water recycling involves re-using treated wastewater for purposes like irrigation and industry
in Kolkata, India, sewage water is re-used for fish farming and agriculture
some nuclear power plants- such as Arizona USA- use recycled water for cooling

Question 4

Example of a large scale water transfer scheme to show how it’s development has advantages

Answer 4

• Reliable supply in the North for 500 million people
• 45 billion m3 of water diverted
• Increased availability of safe drinking water
• Water for industrial growth and irrigation

Question 5

Example of a large scale water transfer scheme to show how it’s development has disadvantages

Answer 5

• Displaced 350,000 people
• Loss of productive farmland in south
• Low quality water – US£2 billion spent
• Impacts of ecosystems
• Loss of antiquities
• Water expensive in urban areas
• Water export may leave south dry and a lot
evaporates from the canals
• Huge costs

Question 6

what strategies are used to increase water supply

Answer 6

diverting water and increasing storage
dams and resovoirs
desalination
water transfer

Question 7

define and describe water transfer schemes

Answer 7

schemes move water from ares of surplus to areas of deficit

Question 8

An example of a local scheme in a LIC or NEE to increase the sustainable supply of water negative impacts

Answer 8

Pipeline needs replacing after 30 years - how will the
cost be met?
• No education on hygiene and sanitation
• Hygiene around taps has been neglected so there has
been an increased risk of disease
• Encouraged migration to the area threatening the
sustainability of the scheme

Question 9

An example of a local scheme in a LIC or NEE to increase the sustainable supply of water

Answer 9

Hitosa in Ethiopia (160km south of Addis Adaba).
1990s - gravity fed system of pipes takes water from permanent springs high on the slopes of Mount Bada. Water flows 140
km through pipelines to more than 100 public water points (tap stands) and 150 private connections.

Question 10

Water transfer

schemes

Answer 10

Systems of canals, pipes and dredging over long distances to transport water from one river
basin to another

Question 11

define and describe diverting water and increasing storage

Answer 11

water supplies can be artificially diverted and stored for use over long periods.

n Oklahoma, USA, rainfall is infrequent but heavy. surface water quickly evaporates. so it is collected and diverted, and stored in underlying alluvial soils

Question 12

Groundwater

management

Answer 12

groundwater is stored in underground aquifers
to ensure stability, water abstraction must be balanced by recharge
if groundwater levels fall, water can become contaminated, making expensive water treatment necessary

PGM India
training local people to monitor rainfall and groundwater levels
helping farmers to plan how much water to use for irrigation
encouraging farmers to plant crops to fit in with periods when water is available
through PMG , rural communities have balanced water supply and demand using sustainable practices

Question 13

Sustainable water

supply

Answer 13

Meeting the present day need for safe, reliable and affordable water which minimises
adverse effects on the environment whilst enabling future generations to meet their
requirements

Question 14

what are the advantages and disadvantages of Dams and Resovoirs

Answer 14

advantages of dams- they control river flow by storing water in reservoirs. the control of water flow enables it to be transported and used for irrigation. they help prevent flooding

disadvantages of dams- they are expensive. can lead to the displacement of large numbers of people. may reduce the flow of water downstream

in hot and arid regions, reservoirs can lose a lot of water through evaporation

Question 15

Example of a large scale water transfer scheme

Answer 15

South North Water Transfer Project, China (SNWTP). Beijing and Tianjin have 200 million people as well as farms and
industry. Scheme to move 12 trillion gallons of water per year more than 1000 km on 3 routes from the Yangtze to Yellow
River basin. Cost US$ 62 billion.

Question 16

define and describe desalination

Answer 16

desalination means removing salt from seawater to produce fresh water.
this is a very expensive process. it is used only when there is a serious shortage of water with few alternatives to increase water supply
both Saudi Arabia and UAE have developed desalination plants

Question 17

An example of a local scheme in a LIC or NEE to increase the sustainable supply of water positive impacts

Answer 17

Half the funding came from Water Aid
• On time and within cost
• Reliable supply for 65, 000 people who are supplied
with 25 litres of water per day
• Managed by the local community
• Small charge used to maintain the infrastructure
• Cattle fattening has developed as a business
• Less time spent collecting water

Question 18

Greywater

Answer 18

grey water is taken from bathrooms and washing machines
if used within 24 hours it contains fertilisers for plants
water from toilets cannot be used in this way
in Jordan, 70|% of the water used for irrigation and gardens is grey water