coats Pt2

Question 1

Hard Engineering

Answer 1

Man-made structures built to control the flow of the sea and reduce flooding and erosion

Question 2

Types of Hard Engineering

Answer 2

Sea wall

Rock Armour

Groynes

Gabions

Question 3

Sea Wall

Answer 3

A wall made out of a hard material like concrete that reflects waves back to sea

Question 4

Benefits of a sea wall

Answer 4

It prevents erosion of the coast. it also acts as a barrier to prevent flooding

Question 5

costs of a sea wall

Answer 5

It creates a strong backwash that erodes under the wall. expensive to build and maintain

Question 6

Gabions

Answer 6

A wall of wire cages filled with rocks, usually built at the foot of cliffs

Question 7

benefits of Gabions

Answer 7

Gabions absorb wave energy and so reduce erosion. they are cheap and easy to build

Question 8

Costs of Gabions

Answer 8

They’re ugly to look at and the wire cages can corrode over time

Question 9

Rock armor

Answer 9

Boulders that are piled up along the coast.( it is also sometimes called rip-rap)

Question 10

Benefits of Rock Armour

Answer 10

it absorbs wave energy, reducing erosion and flooding. it is a fairly cheap defense

Question 11

Costs of Rock Armour

Answer 11

Boulders can be moved around by strong waves, so they need to be replaced

Question 12

Groynes

Answer 12

Wooden or stone fences are built at right angles to the coast. They trap material transported by longshore drift

Question 13

Benefits of Groynes

Answer 13

They create wider beaches that slow the waves. this gives greater protection from flooding and erosion. they are a fairly cheap defence

Question 14

Costs of Groynes

Answer 14

They starve beaches further down the coast of sand, making them narrower. narrow beaches don’t protect the coast as well, leading to greater erosion

Question 15

Types of soft engineering

Answer 15

beach nourishment and reprofiling

Dune regeneration

Question 16

Beach Nourishment and reprofiling

Answer 16

Sand and shingle from elsewhere (e.g. from sea bed) or from lower the beach that’s added to the upper part of beaches

Question 17

benefits of Beach Nourishment and reprofiling

Answer 17

it creates wider beaches which slow the waves. this gives greater protection from flooding and erosion

Question 18

cost of Beach Nourishment and Reprofiling

Answer 18

Taking material from the sea bed can kill organisms like sponges and corals. it’s a very expensive defence. it has to be repeated

Question 19

Dune Regenerations

Answer 19

creating or restoring sand dunes by nourishment, or by planting vegetation to stabilize the sand

Question 20

Benefits of Dune Regeneration

Answer 20

Dunes Create a barrier between land and sea and absorb wave energy, preventing flooding and erosion. stabilization is cheap

Question 21

Costs of Dune Regeneration

Answer 21

The protection is limited to a small area. Nourishment is very expensive

Question 22

Describe how a wave-cut platform is formed?

Answer 22

The sea attacks the base of the cliff-forming a wave-cut notch.

The notch increases in size causing the cliff to collapse.

The backwash carries the rubble towards the sea forming a wave-cut platform.

The process repeats and the cliff continues to retreat.

Question 23

How is a bar formed?

Answer 23

Longshore drift carries sediment along from a headland, depositing sediment further out from the headland. Over time, this line of sediment joins two headlands together; a bar is formed, cutting the bay off from the sea.

Question 24

describe longshore drift

Answer 24

1. Waves approach the beach at an angle
2. As waves break the swash carries material up the beach at the same angle
3. The backwash carries material straight back down the beach under gravity
4. This causes the material to move along the beach in a zig-zag pattern

Question 25

• define and describe beaches

Answer 25

beaches are deposits of sand and shingle

sandy beaches are mainly found in sheltered bays and are created by constructive waves 

along high energy coasts sand is washed aqay leaving behind a pebble beach

Question 26

• formation of sand dunes

Answer 26

at the back of the beach, sand blown inland can build up to form dunes

embryo dunes form around obstacles 

dunes develop and are stabilised by vegitation to form fore dunes and tall yellow dunes 

decomposing vegetation makes sand more fertile and a wider range of plants colonise the back dunes 

ponds can form in depressions

Question 27

• what factors influence coastal landforms

Answer 27

Rock type- some rocks are together and more resistant to erosion than others. softer rocks are more easily eroded

geological structure- includes the way that rock has been folded or tilted. faults form lines of weakness

Question 28

• swanage dorset

Answer 28

swanage lies on the south coast of england, the surrounding coastline has a range of coastal erosion and deposition landforms influenced by different rock types and geological structure. Rocks have been folded and tilted so that different rock types reach the coast

Question 29

• poole harbour

Answer 29

one of the UK’s largest natural harbours. two spits have formed at the mouth

Question 30

• Concordant coast line forms

Answer 30

where different rock types run parallel to the coast, so the coast is mainly formed of one type

Question 31

• discordant coastline forms

Answer 31

where there are alternating bands of harder rock and softer rocks. this creates headlands and bays.

Question 32

• define Medmerry

Answer 32

the flat, low lying land at medmerry, near chichester in southern england, is mainly used for farming and caravan parks. In the past, it was protected by a low sea wall.

the land is of relatively low value, so the sea was allowed to breach the sea wall in 2013 and flood some of the farmland

Question 33

• describe medmerry managed retreat

Answer 33

costing £28 million, this managed retreat scheme will:

create a large natural saltmarsh helpt to protect surrounding farmland and caravan parks from flooding  establish a wildlife habitat and encourage visitors to the area 

embankments have been built inland to protect farmland, roads and settlement. atteration of the coastline like this is called coastal realignment

Question 34

• where is lyme regis

Answer 34

lyme regis is a small coastal town in Dorset, on englands south coast, and is popular with tourists

Question 35

• what are the issues at lyne regis

Answer 35

unstable cliff

powerful waves from the south west cause rapid erosion 

foreshore erosion has destroyed or damaged many properties 

sea walls have been breached many times

Question 36

• how has the lyme regis coastline been managed

Answer 36

the lyme regis environmental improvement scheme was set up in the early 1990s to provide long term coastal protection and reduce the threat of landslips. Engineering works were completed in 2015

Question 37

• what are the key features of the lyme regis scheme

Answer 37

new sea wall and promenades

cliffs established 

creation of wide sand and shingle beacj to absorb wave energy 

extension of rock armour to absorb wave energy and retain beach 

new sea wall for extra protection 

cliffs stabilised to protect homes 

the total costs will be over £43 million

Question 38

• lyme regis positive outcomes

Answer 38

new beaches have increased visitor numbers and seafront businesses are doing well

new defences have withstood stormy winters

harbour is better protected

Question 39

• Lyme Regis negative outcomes

Answer 39

increased visitor numbers have caused conflict due to traffic congestion and litter. some think the new defences spoil the landscape.

the new sea wall might interfere with natural processes and cause problems elsewhere