Natural Hazards Flashcards

Question

secondary effects of earthquakes

Answer 1

Business reduced as money spent repairing the property Blocked transport hinders emergency services Broken gas pipes cause fire Broken water pipes lead to a lack of freshwater

Answer 2

The economy slows down. Emergency services struggle to arrive Possible flooding if the ice melts Tourism can increase as people come to watch Ash breaks down leading to fertile farmland

Answer 3

``` issue warnings if possible Rescue teams search for survivors Treat injured Provide food and shelter, food and drink Recover bodies Extinguish fires ```

Answer 4

Repair and re-build properties and infrastructure Improve building regulations Restore utilities Resettle locals elsewhere Develop opportunities for recovery of the economy Install monitoring technology

Answer 5

usually, small earthquakes as plates pull apart.

Answer 6

violent earthquakes as pressure build and is then released

Answer 7

Hot magma rises between the plates eg. Iceland. Forms Shield volcanoes

Answer 8

Several people died of hypothermia and accidents on icy roads Water froze in pipes causing them to burst to lead to flooding. 40 000 homes without water for over a week 7000 schools closed in December leading to disruption

Answer 9

Transport disrupted and some drivers trapped in cars for 15 hours People could not get to work Christmas shopping was affected The estimated cost of damage due to lost business £1.6 billion (reducing GDP by 0.5%)

Answer 10

Frost damaged crops esp. sugar beet | The use of gas and electricity increased increasing CO2 emissions

Answer 11

Gritters on roads to reduce accidents but supplies were limited Warning to restrict travel to only essential journeys Closing schools Getting individuals to stock up on essential supplies

Answer 12

Occur in low latitudes between 5 and 30 degrees north and south of the equator. Ocean temperature needs to be above 27 degrees C. Happen between summer and autumn

Answer 13

increased disease eg. skin cancer and heat stroke Winter deaths decrease with milder winters Crop yields affected by up to 12% in South America but will increase in Northern Europe but will need more irrigation

Answer 14

Less ice in the Arctic Ocean increases shipping and extraction of oil and gas reserves Droughts reduce food and water supply in sub-Saharan Africa. Water scarcity in South and South East UK

Answer 15

Increased flood risk. 70% of Asia is at risk of increased flooding Declining fish in some areas affect diet and jobs Increased extreme weather The skiing industry in the Alps threatened.

Answer 16

Increased drought in Mediterranean region Lower rainfall causes food shortages for orangutans in Borneo and Indonesia Sea level rise leads to flooding and coastal erosion

Answer 17

ice melts threaten habitats of polar bears Warmer rivers affect marine wildlife Forests in n America may experience more pests, disease, and forest fires Coral bleaching and decline in biodiversity such as the Great Barrier Reef (Australia)

Answer 18

Aftershocks made the rescue more difficult Fires caused damage in collapsed buildings Broken waterpipes led to landslides

Answer 19

an oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate. Friction causes the oceanic plate to melt and pressure forces magma up to form composite volcanoes eg the Pacific Rim

Answer 20

the earths crust is split into seven major and several monor tectonic plates there are two types of crust- dense, thin oceanic crust and less dense, thicker continental crust plates move , drivewn by convection currents within the mantle and inder gravity

Answer 21

plates seperate at constructive margins forming new crust, causing volcanic erruptions plates collide at destructive plate margins eruptions and fold mountains plates side by side each other at conservative margins causing earthquakes

Answer 22

volcanoes are large, often cone shaped landforms, formed over long periods by several erruptions. they are fed by molten rock deep within the earths mantle. Like earthquakes most volcanoes occur in belts along plate margins. But some occur at hot spots where the crust is thin and magma breaks through the surface

Answer 23

the two plates move apart and magma forces its way to the surface. As it breaks the crust it causes mild earthquakes. the magma is very hot and fluid allowing the lava to flow a long way before cooling. this results in typically broad and flat shield volcanoes

Answer 24

two plates move towards each other. Here the dense oceanic plate is subducted beneath the less dense continental platel. friction causes strong earthquakes. the sinking oceanic plate creates sticky, gas-rich magma. this results in steep- sided composite volcanoes which erupt violently. where two continental plates meet there is no subduction, so no magma to form volcanoes. the crust crumples and lifts to form fold mountains. Powerful earthquakes can be triggered

Answer 25

two plates move past each other at different rates. friction between the plates build stresses and trigger earthquakes when they slpi, there are no volcanoes because there is no magma.

Answer 26

poor people have no choice- money, food and family are seen as more important plate margins often coincide with favourable areas for setllement and trade some people have no experience or knowledge of the risks 7 earthwuake fault lines can allow water to reach the surface- important in arid regions effective monitoring of volcanoes and tsunami waves allow evacuation warnings to be given earthquake resistant building designs reduce risk earthquakes and volcanic erruptions are rare, so not seen as a great threat

Answer 27

Iceland straddles the Mid-atlantic ridge with volcanic erruptions on average every five years. But awareness and monitoring reduces the threat to low risk. indeed, the tectonic activity brings hiuge benefits such as hellisheidi combined heat and power plant which serves reykjavik

Answer 28

naturally occuring hot water and superheated steam provides hot water and central heating for 90% of buildings. including greenhouses and swimming pools volcanic rocks are used in road and building construction icelands dramatic landscapes with water falls, hot springs, greysers, lava fields, volcanoes and glaciers support hige tourism industry geothermal energy- generates 25% og icelands electricity

Answer 29

monitoring prediction protection planning

Answer 30

all volcanoes are now monitoring using hi tech scientific equipment remote sensing- satelites detect heat increases siesmicity- siesmographs recrod microearthquakes ground deformatio- laser beams measure changes in the shape of the ground earthquakes generally occur without warning. a number of events can occur before an earthquake strikes, but these are never sertain enough to issue warnings microearthquakes before the main terror bulging of the ground raised groundwater levels

Answer 31

monitoring is now allowing accurate prediction oand effective evacuatio accurate predictions are impossible with earthquakes due to a lack of clear warning signs. But historical records can help determine probablity and so help in planning for them

Answer 32

little can be done to protect property , but earth embankments and explosives have been used to successfully divert lava lflows eathquake drills help keep people alert and prepared. but earthquake resistant construction is the best way to reduce risk

Answer 33

risk assesments and hazard mapping to identify areas to practice evacuation or restrict building risk assesment and hazard mapping to identify areas to protect buildings and infrastructure