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AQA Geography 9-1 > Natural Hazards > Flashcards

Natural Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a natural hazard?

A

A natural event that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death.

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2
Q

natural risk

A

the probability or chance that a natural hazard may take place

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3
Q

earthquake

A

a sudden movement within the earth’s crust followed by series of shocks

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4
Q

plate margin

A

the margin or boundary between two tectonic plates

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5
Q

tectonic hazard

A

A natural hazard caused by the movement of tectonic plates (including volcanoes and earthquakes).

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6
Q

tectonic plate

A

a rigid segment of the earth’s crust that can float across the heavier semi-molten rock below

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7
Q

volcano

A

an opening in the earth’s crust from which lava, ash, and gasses erupt

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8
Q

primary effects

A

The initial impact of a natural event on people and property, caused directly by it, for instance, the ground buildings collapsing following an earthquake.

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9
Q

secondary effect

A

the after-effects that occur as an indirect effect of the eruption on a longer timescale

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10
Q

Monitoring

A

Recording physical changes, such as earthquake tremors around a volcano, helps forecast when and where a natural hazard might strike.

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11
Q

Nepal primary effects

A

Around 9000 people died and more than 22000 were injured

An estimated 800,000 buildings were damaged or destroyed

4 million people were left homeless

The cost of damage was over 5 billion

Roads and bridges were destroyed

Water tanks and pipes were destroyed, leaving 2 million people without water or sanitation

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12
Q

Nepal secondary effects

A

the earthquake triggered avalanches on Mount Everest which killed 18 people

Many mountain roads were blocked by landslides preventing emergency aid from reaching remote areas.

A lack of clean water caused outbreaks of typhus which killed at least 13 people

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13
Q

Nepal immediate response

A

India and China sent teams to help residents rescue people trapped by debris, but a lack of tools and machinery slowed down rescue efforts

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14
Q

Nepal Immediate response 2

A

People tried to recover the dead and treat the injured but damaged roads made it hard for emergency workers and aid to get through

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15
Q

Nepal immediate response 3

A

charities such as OXFAM provided medicine, food, and temporary water supplies.

the red cross set up emergency shelters for 130 000 families who had lost their homes.

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16
Q

Nepal long term response 1

A

The World Bank Group financed 500 million worth of projects to build earthquake-resistant housing, and repair roads and irrigation systems. some projects are still ongoing.

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17
Q

Nepal long term responses 2

A

The road to Nepal into Tibet was reopened 2 years after the earthquake, but many other routes remain damaged

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18
Q

Nepal long term responses 3

A

Many Heritage sites were reopened in June 2015 to encourage tourists back to the area

water supply is being restored, but two years after the event, many people still didn’t have access to clean water

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19
Q

Nepal Long Term responses 4

A

NGOs are working with residents to increase their resilience to disaster, for example by providing alternative energy sources

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20
Q

L’Aquila, Italy primary effects

A

308 deaths, 1500 injured​
67 500 people homeless​
15 000 buildings collapsed

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21
Q

L’Aquila, Italy immediate responses

A

Camps set up for homeless​
Ambulances, fire services and army to area to help victims​
Government money to repair gas, electricity​
Free mobile phones to people who had lost homes

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22
Q

L’Aquila, Italy long term responses

A

New settlements built to house over 20 000 residents​
Most of the city rebuilt​
Investigation into building standards

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23
Q

primary earthquake effects

A

Property and buildings destroyed​ People injured or killed​ Ports, roads, railways damaged​
Pipes (water and gas) and electricity cables broken

24
Q

Primary volcano effects

A

Property and farmland destroyed​ People and animals killed or injured​ Air travel halted due to volcanic ash​
Water supplies contaminated

25
Q

secondary effects of earthquakes

A

Business reduced as money spent repairing the property​

Blocked transport hinders emergency services​

Broken gas pipes cause fire​

Broken water pipes lead to a lack of freshwater

26
Q

secondary volcanoes effects

A

The economy slows down. Emergency services struggle to arrive​
Possible flooding if the ice melts Tourism can increase as people come to watch​
Ash breaks down leading to fertile farmland

27
Q

tectonic hazards immediate response

A 
issue warnings if possible​
Rescue teams search for survivors​
Treat injured​
Provide food and shelter, food and drink​
Recover bodies​
Extinguish fires
28
Q

tectonic hazards long term response

A

Repair and re-build properties and infrastructure​
Improve building regulations​
Restore utilities​
Resettle locals elsewhere​
Develop opportunities for recovery of the economy​
Install monitoring technology

29
Q

earthquakes constructive margins

A

usually, small earthquakes as plates pull apart.

30
Q

Earthquakes at destructive margins

A

violent earthquakes as pressure build and is then released

31
Q

volcano constructive margins

A

Hot magma rises between the plates eg. Iceland. Forms Shield volcanoes​

32
Q

Social effects of the big freeze

A

Several people died of hypothermia and accidents on icy roads​
Water froze in pipes causing them to burst to lead to flooding. 40 000 homes without water for over a week​
7000 schools closed in December leading to disruption

33
Q

economics effects of the big freeze

A

Transport disrupted and some drivers trapped in cars for 15 hours​
People could not get to work​
Christmas shopping was affected​
The estimated cost of damage due to lost business £1.6 billion (reducing GDP by 0.5%)

34
Q

environmental impacts of the big freeze

A

Frost damaged crops esp. sugar beet​

The use of gas and electricity increased increasing CO2 emissions

35
Q

Management strategies

A

Gritters on roads to reduce accidents but supplies were limited​
Warning to restrict travel to only essential journeys​
Closing schools​
Getting individuals to stock up on essential supplies

36
Q

tropical storms

A

Occur in low latitudes between 5 and 30 degrees north and south of the equator. Ocean temperature needs to be above 27 degrees C. Happen between summer and autumn

37
Q

social effects of climate change

A

increased disease eg. skin cancer and heat stroke​
Winter deaths decrease with milder winters​
Crop yields affected by up to 12% in South America but will increase in Northern Europe but will need more irrigation​

38
Q

social effects of climate change 2

A

Less ice in the Arctic Ocean increases shipping and extraction of oil and gas reserves​
Droughts reduce food and water supply in sub-Saharan Africa. Water scarcity in South and South East UK​

39
Q

social effects of climate change 3

A

Increased flood risk. 70% of Asia is at risk of increased flooding​
Declining fish in some areas affect diet and jobs​
Increased extreme weather​
The skiing industry in the Alps threatened.

40
Q

environment effects of climate change

A

Increased drought in Mediterranean region​
Lower rainfall causes food shortages for orangutans in Borneo and Indonesia​
Sea level rise leads to flooding and coastal erosion​

41
Q

environmental effects of climate change 2

A

ice melts threaten habitats of polar bears​
Warmer rivers affect marine wildlife​
Forests in n America may experience more pests, disease, and forest fires​
Coral bleaching and decline in biodiversity such as the Great Barrier Reef (Australia)

42
Q

L’Aquila, Italy secondary effects

A

Aftershocks made the rescue more difficult​
Fires caused damage in collapsed buildings​
Broken waterpipes led to landslides​

43
Q

volcano destructive margins

A

an oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate. Friction causes the oceanic plate to melt and pressure forces magma up to form composite volcanoes eg the Pacific Rim​

44
Q
  • describe tectonic plates
A

the earths crust is split into seven major and several monor tectonic plates

there are two types of crust- dense, thin oceanic crust and less dense, thicker continental crust 

plates move , drivewn by convection currents within the mantle and inder gravity
45
Q
  • what happens at the different plate margins
A

plates seperate at constructive margins forming new crust, causing volcanic erruptions

plates collide at destructive plate margins eruptions and fold mountains 

plates side by side each other at conservative margins causing earthquakes
46
Q
  • descrube the distribution of volcanoes
A

volcanoes are large, often cone shaped landforms, formed over long periods by several erruptions. they are fed by molten rock deep within the earths mantle. Like earthquakes most volcanoes occur in belts along plate margins. But some occur at hot spots where the crust is thin and magma breaks through the surface

47
Q
  • describe contructive margins
A

the two plates move apart and magma forces its way to the surface. As it breaks the crust it causes mild earthquakes. the magma is very hot and fluid allowing the lava to flow a long way before cooling. this results in typically broad and flat shield volcanoes

48
Q
  • describe destructive margins
A

two plates move towards each other. Here the dense oceanic plate is subducted beneath the less dense continental platel. friction causes strong earthquakes. the sinking oceanic plate creates sticky, gas-rich magma. this results in steep- sided composite volcanoes which erupt violently.

where two continental plates meet there is no subduction, so no magma to form volcanoes. the crust crumples and lifts to form fold mountains. Powerful earthquakes can be triggered
49
Q
  • describe conservative plate margins
A

two plates move past each other at different rates. friction between the plates build stresses and trigger earthquakes when they slpi, there are no volcanoes because there is no magma.

50
Q
  • why people live at risk from tectionic hazards
A

poor people have no choice- money, food and family are seen as more important

plate margins often coincide with favourable areas for setllement and trade

some people have no experience or knowledge of the risks 7

earthwuake fault lines can allow water to reach the surface- important in arid regions 

effective monitoring of volcanoes and tsunami waves allow evacuation warnings to be given 

earthquake resistant building designs reduce risk 

earthquakes and volcanic erruptions are rare, so not seen as a great threat
51
Q
  • describe living on a plate margin: iceland
A

Iceland straddles the Mid-atlantic ridge with volcanic erruptions on average every five years. But awareness and monitoring reduces the threat to low risk. indeed, the tectonic activity brings hiuge benefits such as hellisheidi combined heat and power plant which serves reykjavik

52
Q
  • describe the Hellishieldi plant
A

naturally occuring hot water and superheated steam provides hot water and central heating for 90% of buildings. including greenhouses and swimming pools

volcanic rocks are used in road and building construction 

icelands dramatic landscapes with water falls, hot springs, greysers, lava fields, volcanoes and glaciers support hige tourism industry 

geothermal energy- generates 25% og icelands electricity
53
Q
  • how can risks from tectonic hazards be reduced
A

monitoring

prediction

protection 

planning
54
Q
  • describe monitoring in volcanoes and earthquakes
A

all volcanoes are now monitoring using hi tech scientific equipment

remote sensing- satelites detect heat increases 

siesmicity- siesmographs recrod microearthquakes 

ground deformatio- laser beams measure changes in the shape of the ground 

earthquakes generally occur without warning. a number of events can occur before an earthquake strikes, but these are never sertain enough to issue warnings

microearthquakes before the main terror 

bulging of the ground 

raised groundwater levels
55
Q
  • describe prediction in volcanoes and earth quakes
A

monitoring is now allowing accurate prediction oand effective evacuatio

accurate predictions are impossible with earthquakes due to a lack of clear warning signs. But historical records can help determine probablity and so help in planning for them
56
Q
  • describe protection in volcanoes and earthquakes
A

little can be done to protect property , but earth embankments and explosives have been used to successfully divert lava lflows

eathquake drills help keep people alert and prepared. but earthquake resistant construction is the best way to reduce risk
57
Q
  • describe planning in volcanoes and earthquakes
A

risk assesments and hazard mapping to identify areas to practice evacuation or restrict building

risk assesment and hazard mapping to identify areas to protect buildings and infrastructure

AQA Geography 9-1 (33 decks)

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