Urban issues and challenges; London and Rio De Janeiro

Question 1

what is urbanization

Answer 1

This is an increase in the number of people living in urban areas such
as towns or cities. In 2007, the UN announced that for the first time,
more than 50 % of the world’s population live in urban areas

Question 2

where is urbanization happening

Answer 2

Urbanization is happening all over the world but in LICs and NEEs rates are much faster than HICs. This is mostly because of the rapid economic growth they are experiencing.

Question 3

Rural-urban migration

Answer 3

The movement of people from rural to

urban areas.

Question 4

push factors

Answer 4

• Natural disasters
• War and Conflict
• Mechanisation
• Drought
• Lack of employment

Question 5

pull factors

Answer 5

• More Jobs
• Better education & healthcare
• Increased quality of life.
• Following family members.

Question 6

natural increase

Answer 6

When the birth rate exceeds the death

rate.

Question 7

Increase in birth rate (BR)

Answer 7

• High percentage of the population is of child-bearing age which leads to a high fertility rate.
• Lack of contraception or education about family
planning.

Question 8

how have we lowered the death rate

Answer 8

• Higher life expectancy due to better living conditions and diet.
• Improved medical facilities help lower infant mortality rate

Question 9

Megacity

Answer 9

An urban area with over 10 million people living there

Question 10

Sustainable Urban Living

Answer 10

Sustainable urban living means being able to live in cities in ways that do not pollute the environment and using resources in ways that ensure future generations also can use them.

Question 11

how can we conserve water

Answer 11

• Collecting rainwater for gardens and flushing toilets.
• Installing water meters and toilets that flush less water.
• Educating people on using less water

Question 12

Energy Conservation

Answer 12

• Promoting renewable energy sources.
• Making homes more energy efficient.
• Encouraging people to use energy.

Question 13

Creating Green Space

Answer 13

Creating green spaces in urban areas can improve places for people who want to live there.

• Provide natural cooler areas for people to relax in.
• Encourages people to exercise.
• Reduces the risk of flooding from surface runoff.

Question 14

Waste Recycling

Answer 14

More recycling means fewer resources are used. Less waste reduces the amount that eventually goes to landfills.

• Collection of household waste.
• More local recycling facilities.

• Greater awareness of the
benefits in recycling

Question 15

traffic management

Answer 15

Urban areas are busy places with many people travelling by different modes of transport. This has caused urban areas to experience different traffic congestion that can lead to various problems.

Question 16

what are the environmental problems with traffic congestion

Answer 16

• Traffic increases air pollution which releases greenhouse gases that are leading to climate
change.

Question 17

Economic problems

Answer 17

• Congestion can make people late for work and business deliveries take longer. This can cause companies to lose money.

Question 18

Social Problems with traffic congestion

Answer 18

• There is a greater risk of accidents and congestion is a cause of frustration. Traffic can also lead to health issues for pedestrians.

Question 19

Congestion Solutions

Answer 19

• Widen roads to allow more traffic to flow easily.
• Build ring roads and bypasses to keep through traffic out of city centres.
• Introduce park and ride schemes to reduce car use.
• Encourage car-sharing schemes in work places.
• Have public transport, cycle lanes & cycle hire schemes.

• Having congestion charges discourages drivers from
entering the busy city centres.

Question 20

Sustainable Urban Living Example: Freiburg

Background & Location

Answer 20

Freiburg is in West Germany. The city has a population of about 220,000. In 1970 it set the goal of focusing on social, economic and environmental sustainability

Question 21

Sustainable Urban Living Example: Freiburg

Sustainable Strategies

Answer 21

• The city’s wastewater allows for rainwater to be retained.
• The use of sustainable energy such as solar and wind is becoming more important.
• 40% of the city is forested with many open spaces for recreation, clean air, and reducing flood risk.

Question 22

Sustainable Urban Living Example: Freiburg

Integrated Transport System

Answer 22

This is the linking of different forms of public and private transport within a city and the surrounding area.

Question 23

Sustainable Urban Living Example: Freiburg

Brownfield Site

Answer 23

Brownfield sites is an area of land or premises that has been previously used but has subsequently become vacant, derelict, or contaminated.

Question 24

Traffic Management Example: Bristol

Answer 24

In 2012 Bristol was the most congested city in the UK. Now the City aims to develop its integrated transport system to encourage more people to use public transport. The city has also invested in cycle routes and hiring schemes.

Question 25

Greenbelt Area

Answer 25

This is a zone of land surrounding a city where the new building is strictly controlled to try to prevent cities from growing too much and too fast.

Question 26

Urban Regeneration

Answer 26

The investment in the revival of old, urban areas by either improving what is there or clearing it away and rebuilding.