Urban Growth - Lagos

Question 1

what is Nigeria’s global importance

Answer 1

21st largest economy in world

12th largest oil producer

Large UN peacekeeping role in Africa

Question 2

what is Nigeria’s Regional Importance

Answer 2

One of Africa’s fastest growing economies

• Highest GNP on continent
• Third largest manufacturing sector in Africa
• Seen as a general indicator for continent - if Nigeria thrives, Africa thrives

Question 3

when did Nigeria achieve independence

Answer 3

Achieved independence from Britain in 1960, civil war 1967-70

Question 4

when did Abuja become capital city

Answer 4

• In 1991 newly built city of Abuja became capital city

Question 5

Nigeria’s political and trading changes

Answer 5

OPEC- aims to stabilize the price of oil and to ensure a regular supply

ECOWAS- trading group

United nations- Nigeria has a significant role in peacekeeping

African union- economic planning and peacekeeping group

CEN-SAD- trading group and develops sporting links

Question 6

Nigeria growing manufacturing sector

Answer 6

manufacturing involves making products from raw materials
manufacturing growth has been hindered by the dependence on the export of raw materials
today, manufacturing accounts for 10 percent of Nigerias GDP

Question 7

how has industrial structure helped economic balance

Answer 7

regular paid work gives people a more secure income. this means there is a large home market for products manufactured in Nigeria, such as cars

manufacturing industries stimulate growth for other companies, such as those supplying parts to make cars. more people are employed, so revenue from taxes increases.

a thriving industrial sector attracts foreign investment
oil processing has led to the growth of chemical industries, including soaps and plastics

Question 8

does Nigeria have a balanced economy

Answer 8

the growth of communications retail and finance in the service sector
empolyment in agroculture has fallen, due to increasing use of farm machinery and better pay and conditions elsewhere

industrialisation and economic growth has increased employment in oil production, manufacturing and other industries

Question 9

what are the two types of aid

Answer 9

Emergency aid e.g. food. Water, shelter following a natural disaster

OR

long term aid aimed to improve QoL e.g. health clinic, water supplies, schools.

Question 10

what are the six different types of international aid

Answer 10

official development assistance

multilateral aid

bilateral aid

short term emergency relief

long term development assistance

voluntary aid

Question 11

define official development assistance

Answer 11

ODA is given by governments and paid for by taxes. for this reason it is sometimes unpopular with tax payers in those countries

Question 12

define voluntary aid

Answer 12

given by individuals or companies and distributed through charities and non-governmental organisations like OXFAM

Question 13

Define multilateral aid

Answer 13

given to countries through international organisations, like the world bank or international monetary fund

Question 14

define bilateral aid

Answer 14

is given directly by one country to another country sometimes, it is tied with aid, with conditions attached, for example, the recipient may be required to buy goods from the donor country with the aid money

Question 15

define short term emergency relief

Answer 15

to cope with immediate problems caused by disasters, like earthquakes and wars

Question 16

Long-term development assistance

Answer 16

Helps people improve their lives through education, healthcare or agricultural development

Question 17

how did Nigeria get into debt

Answer 17

980s & 1990s LICs like Nigeria faced a debt crisis

Unable to replay debts without cutting spending on e.g. healthcare

Impossible to escape from cycle of debt repayment, millions was repaid but this did not cover the interest repayments

Question 18

how did Nigeria get out of Debt

Answer 18

2005, leaders of the worlds richest countries agreed to debt relief for 39 of the world’s highly indebted countries (HIPCs) - included Nigeria • LICs debt was cancelled, it no longer had to be repaid

Question 19

Does Nigeria still need aid?

Answer 19

Since 2005 Nigeria’s economy has been growing. Nigeria has graduated from being a LIC to a NEE.

BUT UK still gives £300 million a year to Nigeria but it has its own space programme!

UK government argues this programme is about investment into weather satellites that will improve food production in the country.

Although Nigeria’s economy is growing nearly 60% of the population still live below the poverty line on less than US $1 a day

Question 20

how has QoL in Nigeria improved

Answer 20

higher disposable income
improvements to infrastructure such as roads
better access to safe water and sanitation
improved access to a better diet means higher productivity
better quality healthcare
reliable electricity supplies
reliable, better paid jobs in manufacturing or services

Question 21

what is the impact of aid in Nigeria

Answer 21

in 2014, the world bank approved a US$500 million loan to fund development projects and provide loans to businesses

aid from the USA helps to protect people against the spread of AIDS/HIV

nets for life provides education on malaria prevention and distributes anti-mosquito nets

the community care in Nigeria project provides support for orphans

Question 22

what prevents aid from being used effectively

Answer 22

corruption is a major factor in the loss of aid.
Donors may have political influence over what happens to aid.
By receiving aid, a country may become more dependant

Question 23

what are the effects of economic growth on the environment

Answer 23

industrial growth
urban growth
mining and oil extraction
commercial farming and deforestation

Question 24

what are the economic effects of industrial growth

Answer 24

in Kano and Lagos, industrial pollutants fo directly into water channels. they are harmful to people and ecosystems.
industry emits poisonous gases that can cause respiratory and heart problems
70 -80 percent of Nigeria’s forests have been destroyed through factors such as agriculture, urban expansion and industrial development

Question 25

what is the effect of commercial farming and deforestation

Answer 25

there is water pollution due to chemicals, soil erosion and silting of river channels
many species have disappeared because of deforestation

Question 26

what is the effect of urban growth in Nigeria

Answer 26

waste disposal is a major issue
traffic congestion leads to high levels of exhaust emissions
the development of Abuja has resulted in areas of rich natural vegetation being replaced by concrete

Question 27

what are the effects of mining and oil extraction

Answer 27

tin mining led to soil erosion. Local water supplies were polluted with toxic chemicals.
oil spills can cause ires, sending C02 and other harmful gases into the atmosphere, creating acid rain.

In 2008 and 2009, 11 million gallons of crude oil spilled over a 20km^2 area around Bodo in the Niger delta. This had disastrous impacts on the ecosystem and devastated the livelihoods of local farmers and fishermen. In 2015, shell agreed to pay £55 million compensation to individuals and the community

Question 28

have all Nigerians benefited from economic development

Answer 28

Nigeria’s HDI has been increasing steadily since 2005 and is expected to continue to rise. Most indicators suggest that economic development since 1990 has improved the quality of peoples lives

Question 29

has economic development only been good

Answer 29

many people in Nigeria are still poor
the gap between rich and poor has become wider
corruption has been a major factor and the oil wealth was not used to diversify the economy
Nigeria’s over-dependence on oil could become a problem in the future

Question 30

will peoples quality of life continue to improve

Answer 30

sixty percent of Nigerians live in poverty. if their quality of life is improved the following challenges must be met

political- there is a need for a continuing stable government to encourage investment

environmental- there are threats of disease spread by the tsetse fly, desertification, and pollution by oil spills

social-historical distrust remains between tribal groups. Kidnappings by the militant group Boko Haram spread fear among Nigerians and potential investors

Question 31

what are Nigeria trading relationships

Answer 31

imports- refined petroleum from the EU and the USA; cars from Brazil and the USA. Telephone from China is a fast-growing import

exports- Crude and refined petroleum, natural gas, rubber, cocoa, and cotton

Question 32

describe crude oil in Nigeria

Answer 32

crude oil dominants Nigeria’s exports
until recently, the greatest demand for Nigerian oil was from the USA
with the development for Nigerian oil has fallen
India is now Nigeria biggest customer

Question 33

describe agriculture in Nigeria

Answer 33

Australia and Indonesia are the biggest customers for Nigerian cotton.
only two other west African countries are significant trading partners- Ghana and ivory cost

Question 34

Political context of Nigeria

Answer 34

During the colonial period Europeans exploited Africa’s resources and people. Nigeria was ruled by the UK as a colony. it become independent in 1960

political instability affected Nigeria’s development and led to widespread corruption
since 1999, it had a stable government

several countries are now starting to invest in Nigeria

Question 35

social context of Nigeria

Answer 35

Nigeria is a multi-ethnic multi-faith country- this is a strength. but has also been a source of conflict including the civil war between 1967 and 1970. Recently economic inequality between the Islamic north and Christian south of Nigeria has created new religious and ethnic tensions. the situation with a negative impact on the economy

Question 36

cultural context of Nigeria

Answer 36

Nigerian music
Nigerian cinema Nollywood is the second-largest film industry in the world behind India
well known Nigerian writers include Wole Soyinka
the Nigeria football team has won the African cup if nations three times