Urban Growth - Lagos Flashcards
what is Nigeria’s global importance
21st largest economy in world
12th largest oil producer
Large UN peacekeeping role in Africa
what is Nigeria’s Regional Importance
One of Africa’s fastest growing economies
- Highest GNP on continent
- Third largest manufacturing sector in Africa
- Seen as a general indicator for continent - if Nigeria thrives, Africa thrives
when did Nigeria achieve independence
Achieved independence from Britain in 1960, civil war 1967-70
when did Abuja become capital city
• In 1991 newly built city of Abuja became capital city
Nigeria’s political and trading changes
OPEC- aims to stabilize the price of oil and to ensure a regular supply
ECOWAS- trading group
United nations- Nigeria has a significant role in peacekeeping
African union- economic planning and peacekeeping group
CEN-SAD- trading group and develops sporting links
Nigeria growing manufacturing sector
manufacturing involves making products from raw materials
manufacturing growth has been hindered by the dependence on the export of raw materials
today, manufacturing accounts for 10 percent of Nigerias GDP
how has industrial structure helped economic balance
regular paid work gives people a more secure income. this means there is a large home market for products manufactured in Nigeria, such as cars
manufacturing industries stimulate growth for other companies, such as those supplying parts to make cars. more people are employed, so revenue from taxes increases.
a thriving industrial sector attracts foreign investment
oil processing has led to the growth of chemical industries, including soaps and plastics
does Nigeria have a balanced economy
the growth of communications retail and finance in the service sector
empolyment in agroculture has fallen, due to increasing use of farm machinery and better pay and conditions elsewhere
industrialisation and economic growth has increased employment in oil production, manufacturing and other industries
what are the two types of aid
Emergency aid e.g. food. Water, shelter following a natural disaster
OR
long term aid aimed to improve QoL e.g. health clinic, water supplies, schools.
what are the six different types of international aid
official development assistance
multilateral aid
bilateral aid
short term emergency relief
long term development assistance
voluntary aid
define official development assistance
ODA is given by governments and paid for by taxes. for this reason it is sometimes unpopular with tax payers in those countries
define voluntary aid
given by individuals or companies and distributed through charities and non-governmental organisations like OXFAM
Define multilateral aid
given to countries through international organisations, like the world bank or international monetary fund
define bilateral aid
is given directly by one country to another country sometimes, it is tied with aid, with conditions attached, for example, the recipient may be required to buy goods from the donor country with the aid money
define short term emergency relief
to cope with immediate problems caused by disasters, like earthquakes and wars
Long-term development assistance
Helps people improve their lives through education, healthcare or agricultural development
how did Nigeria get into debt
980s & 1990s LICs like Nigeria faced a debt crisis
Unable to replay debts without cutting spending on e.g. healthcare
Impossible to escape from cycle of debt repayment, millions was repaid but this did not cover the interest repayments
how did Nigeria get out of Debt
2005, leaders of the worlds richest countries agreed to debt relief for 39 of the world’s highly indebted countries (HIPCs) - included Nigeria • LICs debt was cancelled, it no longer had to be repaid
Does Nigeria still need aid?
Since 2005 Nigeria’s economy has been growing. Nigeria has graduated from being a LIC to a NEE.
BUT UK still gives £300 million a year to Nigeria but it has its own space programme!
UK government argues this programme is about investment into weather satellites that will improve food production in the country.
Although Nigeria’s economy is growing nearly 60% of the population still live below the poverty line on less than US $1 a day
how has QoL in Nigeria improved
higher disposable income
improvements to infrastructure such as roads
better access to safe water and sanitation
improved access to a better diet means higher productivity
better quality healthcare
reliable electricity supplies
reliable, better paid jobs in manufacturing or services
what is the impact of aid in Nigeria
in 2014, the world bank approved a US$500 million loan to fund development projects and provide loans to businesses
aid from the USA helps to protect people against the spread of AIDS/HIV
nets for life provides education on malaria prevention and distributes anti-mosquito nets
the community care in Nigeria project provides support for orphans
what prevents aid from being used effectively
corruption is a major factor in the loss of aid.
Donors may have political influence over what happens to aid.
By receiving aid, a country may become more dependant
what are the effects of economic growth on the environment
industrial growth
urban growth
mining and oil extraction
commercial farming and deforestation
what are the economic effects of industrial growth
in Kano and Lagos, industrial pollutants fo directly into water channels. they are harmful to people and ecosystems.
industry emits poisonous gases that can cause respiratory and heart problems
70 -80 percent of Nigeria’s forests have been destroyed through factors such as agriculture, urban expansion and industrial development
what is the effect of commercial farming and deforestation
there is water pollution due to chemicals, soil erosion and silting of river channels
many species have disappeared because of deforestation
what is the effect of urban growth in Nigeria
waste disposal is a major issue
traffic congestion leads to high levels of exhaust emissions
the development of Abuja has resulted in areas of rich natural vegetation being replaced by concrete
what are the effects of mining and oil extraction
tin mining led to soil erosion. Local water supplies were polluted with toxic chemicals.
oil spills can cause ires, sending C02 and other harmful gases into the atmosphere, creating acid rain.
In 2008 and 2009, 11 million gallons of crude oil spilled over a 20km^2 area around Bodo in the Niger delta. This had disastrous impacts on the ecosystem and devastated the livelihoods of local farmers and fishermen. In 2015, shell agreed to pay £55 million compensation to individuals and the community
have all Nigerians benefited from economic development
Nigeria’s HDI has been increasing steadily since 2005 and is expected to continue to rise. Most indicators suggest that economic development since 1990 has improved the quality of peoples lives
has economic development only been good
many people in Nigeria are still poor
the gap between rich and poor has become wider
corruption has been a major factor and the oil wealth was not used to diversify the economy
Nigeria’s over-dependence on oil could become a problem in the future
will peoples quality of life continue to improve
sixty percent of Nigerians live in poverty. if their quality of life is improved the following challenges must be met
political- there is a need for a continuing stable government to encourage investment
environmental- there are threats of disease spread by the tsetse fly, desertification, and pollution by oil spills
social-historical distrust remains between tribal groups. Kidnappings by the militant group Boko Haram spread fear among Nigerians and potential investors
what are Nigeria trading relationships
imports- refined petroleum from the EU and the USA; cars from Brazil and the USA. Telephone from China is a fast-growing import
exports- Crude and refined petroleum, natural gas, rubber, cocoa, and cotton
describe crude oil in Nigeria
crude oil dominants Nigeria’s exports
until recently, the greatest demand for Nigerian oil was from the USA
with the development for Nigerian oil has fallen
India is now Nigeria biggest customer
describe agriculture in Nigeria
Australia and Indonesia are the biggest customers for Nigerian cotton.
only two other west African countries are significant trading partners- Ghana and ivory cost
Political context of Nigeria
During the colonial period Europeans exploited Africa’s resources and people. Nigeria was ruled by the UK as a colony. it become independent in 1960
political instability affected Nigeria’s development and led to widespread corruption
since 1999, it had a stable government
several countries are now starting to invest in Nigeria
social context of Nigeria
Nigeria is a multi-ethnic multi-faith country- this is a strength. but has also been a source of conflict including the civil war between 1967 and 1970. Recently economic inequality between the Islamic north and Christian south of Nigeria has created new religious and ethnic tensions. the situation with a negative impact on the economy
cultural context of Nigeria
Nigerian music
Nigerian cinema Nollywood is the second-largest film industry in the world behind India
well known Nigerian writers include Wole Soyinka
the Nigeria football team has won the African cup if nations three times
