Water enquiry question 3 Flashcards
What does the Colorado River Basin show? - what 4 topics would it best be used in
- large management schemes
- geopolitical issues
- players
- national and international issues of water conflicts
What 3 challenges are there in the Colorado river basin
- increased urbanisation
- population growth
- agricultural needs for irrigation on water
What are 5 pros of river management
- irrigation for agriculture
- flood control
- power to pump water (HEP)
- domestic water supply
- industrial development
- sediment control
-wildlife protection
What are 5 cons of river management
- water loss through evaporation and seepage
- salinisation due to irrigation
- groundwater overdraft
- waste water
- environmental damage
- wildlife/ habitat loss
Give 4 reasons why the cost of water varies between places
- treatment works
- disposal
- clean water requires construction and infrastructure
- developing countries can rely on streets vendors which can cost up to 100x more
What three factors impact water scarcity?
- availability
- access
- utilisation
Water scarcity consists of physical water scarcity due to lack of availability and economic water scarcity due to lack of access and poor resource management.
What are the 5 things that contribute to water cost?
- construction
- maintenance of infrastructure
- disposal
- treatment
- privatisation
State 5 reasons why water cost varies?
- treatment
- disposal
- govt policies
- maintenance of infrastructure
- cost of obtaining supply
- privatisation
- construction of buildings
- lack of piped water supply
What are the three main uses of water
AGRICULTURE
INDUSTRY
DOMESTIC
Name three examples of where transboundary water conflicts occur
- river Colorado
- river Nile
- Israel
- Turkey
and many more
River Nile case study main facts (4 points)
- grand renaissance dam in Ethiopia on blue nile to stimulate their economy
- disagreements have come about over history due to territorial integrity
- 11 countries share its resources
- Egypt has a veto on river development as it heavily relies on Nile for supply
What is water geopolitics
As we compete for water resources globally international treaties and agreements have been drawn up.
What have been the two rule frameworks introduced to deal with water geopolitics
Helsinki Rules 1966
Replaced by Berlin rules 2004
Israel and water conflict in the middle east case study: WHAT HAPPENED IN 1967
6 day war, Israeli reaction to the Syrian attempt to divert the River Jordan. It resulted in Israel gaining the West Bank from Jordan, Golan Heights from Syria and Gaza Strip from Egypt.
Israel and water conflict in middle east: PROBLEMS FACED
- coastal aquifers over pumped led to saltwater incursion
- Dead Sea drying up
- mountain aquifers disputed in West Bank
- mistrust between Palestine and Israelis
Israel and water conflict in Middle East: FUTURE
- recycling sewage water
- better water treatment plants and conservation
- desalination plan
- importing water rich foods - virtual water supply
ALL PUT ON HOLD DUE TO ONGOING CONFLCIT
What are the two ways water can be managed
- Large scale water management schemes
- Appropriate management schemes
What are four large scale water management schemes
- dams
- canals
- desalination
- transfer or diversion schemes
What are 4/6 appropriate management schemes
- hippo rollers
- rainwater harvesting
-bicycle pumping - tube wells
- life straws
- sea saw water pump
Name 3 pros of the Turkey GAP scheme
- sustainably support 9 million people
- economy growth by 400%
- socio-economic development - better education, healthcare, more jobs
Name 3 cons of the Turkey GAP scheme
- waterborne disease
- displace tens of thousands of kurds
- tensions between syria and draw over water supply
Plan of Turkey GAP scheme
For Turkey to dam the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and therefore for Turkey to become the breadbasket of the Middle East, increasing cash crops.
When should I use the India and Bangladesh case study
- large scale water management schemes
- conflicts over transboundary resources
- social and environmental conflicts
- International geopolitical issues
India Bangladesh: WHAT IS THE PROBLEM
River Ganges flows mainly through India however last part of it travels through Bangladesh.
Upstream much of the water is diverted to irrigate farms and provide water for major cities so what Bangladesh is left with is polluted water and a lack of it.
India Bangladesh: AGREEMENT
1990 agreement signed about sharing waters of Ganges, however India have failed to address this pressuring Bangladesh’s supply
India Bangladesh: MAIN PROBLEMS (4)
- fish industry declining
- lower rivers increasingly salinised
- delta is eroding
- reduced flow affects irrigation and food production
China’s South-North water transfer case study: WHY
north china is suffering from water scarcity
Chian’s S-N WT case study: SOLUTION
hard engineered large inter-basin water transfer scheme from south of China.
China’s S-N WT case study: ECON IMPLICATION
- very expensive
- too expensive for farmers
China’s S-N WT case study: SOC IMPLICATION
- many displaced during construction of central route
China’s S-N WT case study: ENV IMPLICATION
- pollution
- inefficient agricultural, industrial and urban use.
- effect river ecosystems and reduce discharge levels
China’s S-N WT case study: WINNER AND LOSERS
- WINNERS - North China, industry, people, cities
- LOSERS - South China, environment, inequality and displacement
How many dams are there in China
How many dams are there in US
87,000 C
84,000 US
Singapore Sustainable water case study: AIM TO DIVERSIFY WATER SUPPLY by…
- stored catchment water
- imported water
- recycled water
- desalination
Singapore Sustainable water case study: AIM TO REDUCE DEMAND BY…three points
- water priced to reflect cost
- progressive water tax
- 10 litre challenge, to reduce water usage by 10 litres each year
Singapore Sustainable water case study: IMPACT
national water policy successfully enabled the country to secure a safe and sustainable water supply for future generations
What is appropriate technology?
Technology that is designed with special consideration to the Social, Economic and environmental factors in a specific area. Meeting there needs.
What is a big con of appropriate technology water management schemes - GOOD EVALUATION POINT
IT DOES NOT SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF WATER QUALITY
Benefits of large scale and appropriate tech water schemes
They reduce water scarcity in the region increasing the health benefits and quality of life. Less time is spent finding water and more time in education positively affecting gender equality.
When are appropriate technology schemes better to use than high tech, large scale schemes(four reasons)
- near a water supply
- smaller population size
- humanitarian aid
- cheaper for developing nations - life straws
