migration eq 3 Flashcards
what are the five things the un focuses on
- maintaining international peace and security
- promoting sustainable development
- promoting human rights
- upholding international law
- delivering humanitarian aid
what are the 5 different types of sanctions
FARTT
Freezing of assets - bank accounts of specific people
Arms embargoes - banning military supplies
Restriction on loans for development
Trade embargoes - banning specific import items or purchase of exports from the country
Travel restrictions - for specific people
e.g. of of a uk trade embargo and a uk arms embargo
Sierra Leone and diamonds trade embargo currently
in 2020 uk had arms embargo on mainland china and hong kong
case study - Iran, economic sanctions
suspicion as a rogue state and they were attempting to build up nuclear.
this led to economic sanctions and financial restrictions meaning that they couldn’t pay though the international payment system
this led to their gdp falling by 5% leading to significant effect on its nuclear programme but also huge social impacts - lack of medicines due to access
so MAJOR IMPACT ON ECONOMY AND PEOPLE
iran signed accord 2016 = sanctions lifted allowing it to trade with the rest of world and use global banking system
case study - Bosnia 1995
- Tito managed to unite ethnicities, after he died it fell apart
- genocide and ethnic cleansing, muslims were massacred and raped, 64,000 Bosnian muslims were killed
- ICJ, ruled it as a genocide but many involved were not prosecuted
- 1995, NATO joined, UN crippled Serbia through trade sanctions and its military forces
- US peace talks = peace
What can be argued as a challenge to global organisations and action? with e.g.s
- unilateral action of the USA, sometimes take independent action without UN approval = major geopolitical impacts - 9/11
- vetoes from the P5 in the UNSC e.g. in 2013, UK wanted the UNSC to condemn chemical weapon use in syria however china and russia vetoed against this = no action has been taken over syria
what are the IGO’s two main roles in trade and finance
- Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP’s)
- The Highly Indebted Poor Countries Scheme (HIPCs)
what are the things created by the IMF to help control inflation and improve internal markets in the long term - PARTEED
- Privatise national industry
- Austerity measures
- Removing subsidies
- Trade liberalisation encouraged
- Encouraging FDI
- Encoring exports of primary agricultural communities
- Devaluing currency
what issues exists from the SAPs - RRROD
- Reducing the role of the govt
- Reducing the government spending on things like infrastructure and healthcare
- Removing the restrictions on capital this can lead to capital flight of businesses
- Opening up Domestic Markets
- Devaluing currency = exports cheaper = less profit
critics argue that countries lose their economic sovereignty and open themselves up to TNC’s thus increasing their dependency on trade
what have SAP’s actually lead to with example
de-development, increased malnutrition and infant mortality and debt, decreased school rates
e.g. Malawi more cost on debt servicing than on healthcare provisions!!!!!!!!
what are the HIPCs initiatives
introduced to reduce national debt and partially write them off - debt cancelation (this was pushed by christian aid and Oxfam who argued for a more concentrated effort to reduce debt as by 2000 major issues still existed )
countries with the highest levels of poverty = external debt reduction
conditions - each country has to show good financial management and a lack of corruption
where are the most HIPCs initiatives occurring
in subsaharan africa - 40
currently in Eriteria and Somalia
Case study - Uganda and Debt
- in 1992, Uganda owed 1.9 billion dollars
- one of first to benefit from HIPCs
- Govt spending + by 20% with 40% more spent on education and 70% more on healthcare, free primary schooling introduced, massive reduction in gender gap
- Ugandans living below poverty line decreased by half
evaluation of saps and HIPCs
SAP’s are negative and HIPCs can be viewed as positive and fairer to the people through debt cancellation
however they won’t provide lasting or long term relief from debt, aimed not at cancelling debts but ensuring they can be repaid
what are the 6 environmental schemes that IGO’s have been involved in to try and universally cooperate on the environment
- the Montreal protocol
- the antarctic treaty system
- us convention and laws on the seas (unclos)
- the Helsinki rules
- millenium ecosystem assessment (MEA)
- convention on international trade in endangered species (CITES)
