Tectonics enq 3 Flashcards
True or false
TECTONIC DISASTERS ARE NOT INCREASING. ONLY GETTING MORE DANGEROUS
TRUE
Why has there been an increase in disaster trends and patterns
- global warming (hydrometerolgoical)
- more marginal land
- technology
Name 4 reasons why people live in hazardous locations
- uneducated
- poor
- soil benefits, farming
- culture and religion
True or False
HYDROMETEROLIGICAL EVENTS ARE INCREASING
TRUE, this is possibly due to climate change
True or False
GEOPHYSICAL HAZARDS ARE INCREASING
FALSE
What has the number of people being affected increased
Due to population increases and more people living on marginal land
Why has cost risen in disasters
Due to economic development
Name three global impacts of the Eyjafjallajöjull eruption 2010
- flight paths grounded due to 110 million metres cubed of ash emitted in a week in high altitudes
- Tourists stranded
- Car parts failed to reach European factories
- Kenyan fruit, flowers and veg rotted in warehouses costing Kenyan farmers $2 million a day
Give 4 reasons why hazards are becoming more globalised
- internet
- migration
- tourism, travel made more affordable
- interconnection of businesses
- increase in global wealth
- import and exports, complexity of supply chains
Case study: Haiti background info
- sits on a conservative plate boundary
- population of 800,000
- country in carribean
Case study: Christchurch background info
- sits on conservative plate boundary
- population of 367,7000
- second largest city in new zealand
What were the similar magnitudes of Haiti 2010 and Christchurch 2011 quakes
- cc 7.1m
- h 7m
What are the similar geologies in H 2010 AND CC 2011
- Both built on floodplains
- not truly solid rocks so both allow for significant movement during earthquakes
Difference in time of day and time of year in H 2010 AND CC 2011
- CC 2PM HAITI 5PM
- CC SEPTEMBER (cooler) HAITI JANUARY (increased humidity)
Case study: CHRISTCHURCH DEATH TOLL
181
Case study: HAITI DEATH TOLL
316,000
Case study: CHRISTCHURCH ECONOMIC COST
16.7% OF GDP lost
Case study: HAITI ECONOMIC COST
68% of GDP lost
Case study: CHRISTCHURCH POLITICAL PLANNING
- high aseismic building controls
- quick reaction on ground saving lives
- life services reinstalled quickly
- education survival packs for all school children
- highly planned in an event of an eq
Case study: HAITI POLITICAL PLANNING
- NO PLANNING/ BUILDING REGS/ EDUCATION
- reliance on overseas aid - corruption index, only aid not money due to corrupt govt
- no govt action on ground for over 5 days
Case study: CHRISTCHURCH - ENVIRONMENT
- regular seismic zone
Case study: HAITI - ENVIRONMENT
- first big quake of 200 yrs
- regular hurricanes
Case study: HAITI - ECONOMIC
- reliance on farming
- low income goods
- poorly connected
- poor infrastructure
Case study: HAITI - SOCIAL
- low adult literacy rate - 53%
- 55% acces to clean water
- 62 life expectancy
Case study: CHRISTCHURCH - ECONOMIC
- service sector based economy
- high income trading
- well connected
- high quality infrastrucutre
Case study: CHRISTCHURCH - SOCIAL
- high adult literacy rate - 99%
- 100% access to clean water and healthcare
- 82 life expectancy
True or False
The Philippines suffer from around 21 cyclones per year
TRUE
What three factors are needed to generate a hurricane/typhoon/cyclone/tropical storm
- sea surface temperature above 27 degrees
- south of the equator, where the Coriolis effect is strong enough to generate spin
Case study: Mount Pinatubo 1991
SEE effects
S - 350 died, (77) in lahars
E - 710 million dollars
E - 80,000 hectares of farm land destroyed
Case study: Typhoon Haiyan 2013
SEE effects
S - 8,000 deaths, 1.1.m houses destroyed
E - 5.8 billion
E - 33m coconut trees destroyed
Case study: GUINSAUGON MUDSLIDE 2006
physical (3) and human causes (2)
physical - unseasonal torrential rainfall, La Niña, 2.6m eq
human - deforestation of reducing forest cover by 40% exposing soils. Replacement of native deep rooted trees with shallow rooted trees reduces soil protection
Describe the Parks model
- it allows geographers to look at reposes to hazards through disruption and recovery
- Parks highlights resilience and the ability to resist, cope or adapt to and then recover form a natural hazard
Describe the three stages of response
- Relief (hour-days)
- Rehabilitation (days-weeks)
- Reconstruction (weeks-years)
Define MITIGATION
ACTIONS AND INTERVENTIONS THAT A COMMUNTIY CAN USE TO HEKP REDUCE VULNERABILITY IN ADVANCE OF TECTONIC HAZARDS
Define ADAPTATION
WAYS IN WHICH COMMUNITIES MAY BE ABLE TO LIVE WITH A TECTONIC HAZARD BY MAKING ADJUSTMENTS TO HEKP COMMUNITIES REDUCE RISK
What 4 steps does the disaster management cycle highlight?
prevent + mitigation —– preparation —— response ——- recovery ———
Define prediction
Where a hazard might occur
Define forecasting
When and where a hazard might occur and its likely magnitude
Give two examples of prediction
- seismic gap theory
- earthquakes on boundaries
Give two examples of forecasting
- hazard profiles
- past experiences
Name three strategies to modify vulnerability and resilience
hi-tech monitoring
education
community
preparedness
adaptation
Name two strategies to modify loss
emergency short and long term aid
insurance
Name two strategies to modify the event
land use zoning
hazard resistant design and engineering defences
Who are the three key players in managing loss
- aid donors
- ngo’s
- local communities
What three global actions have aimed to help build disaster resilience
- The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015
- The Sendai Framework 2015
- The Sustainable Development Goals
What are the 4 M’s
MODIFY THE CAUSE
MODIFY THE EVENT
MODIFY THE LOSS
MODIFY THE VULNERABILITY
What is meant by modifying the cause and give an example
- preventing the hazard at source (this can be difficult or near impossible for tectonic hazards)
San Andreas Fault
What is meant by modifying the event and give an example
- the ability to control, avoid, resist: involves engineering and technologies, land use zoning and building designs
e.g. CHILE 2010
What is meant by modifying the loss and give an example
- rescue, relief aid and insurance cover
e.g. SICHUAN 2008
What is meant by modifying the vulnerability and give an example
- prediction, warning, preparedness and education
e.g. CHRISTCHRUCH 2011/ CHILE 2010
Sichuan’s aid and relief (example of modifying and hazard management)
- 1.5 million temporary homes built
- 3.37 billion dollars from China’s disaster relief fund
- 4500 new primary schools to be built
List 7/15 management techniques
- land zoning
- building protective structures
- mobile phone tech
- evacuation procedures
- community prep days
- satellite communications
- hazard modelling
- enforcing building codes
- lava diversion channels
- stockpiling equipment
- public education
- aseismic building design
- early warning systems
- crisis mapping
- survival kits
