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Geography A Level🌏 > Tectonics enq 3 > Flashcards

Tectonics enq 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

True or false

TECTONIC DISASTERS ARE NOT INCREASING. ONLY GETTING MORE DANGEROUS

A

TRUE

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2
Q

Why has there been an increase in disaster trends and patterns

A
  • global warming (hydrometerolgoical)
  • more marginal land
  • technology
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3
Q

Name 4 reasons why people live in hazardous locations

A
  • uneducated
  • poor
  • soil benefits, farming
  • culture and religion
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4
Q

True or False

HYDROMETEROLIGICAL EVENTS ARE INCREASING

A

TRUE, this is possibly due to climate change

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4
Q

True or False

GEOPHYSICAL HAZARDS ARE INCREASING

A

FALSE

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5
Q

What has the number of people being affected increased

A

Due to population increases and more people living on marginal land

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6
Q

Why has cost risen in disasters

A

Due to economic development

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7
Q

Name three global impacts of the Eyjafjallajöjull eruption 2010

A
  • flight paths grounded due to 110 million metres cubed of ash emitted in a week in high altitudes
  • Tourists stranded
  • Car parts failed to reach European factories
  • Kenyan fruit, flowers and veg rotted in warehouses costing Kenyan farmers $2 million a day
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8
Q

Give 4 reasons why hazards are becoming more globalised

A
  • internet
  • migration
  • tourism, travel made more affordable
  • interconnection of businesses
  • increase in global wealth
  • import and exports, complexity of supply chains
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9
Q

Case study: Haiti background info

A
  • sits on a conservative plate boundary
  • population of 800,000
  • country in carribean
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10
Q

Case study: Christchurch background info

A
  • sits on conservative plate boundary
  • population of 367,7000
  • second largest city in new zealand
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11
Q

What were the similar magnitudes of Haiti 2010 and Christchurch 2011 quakes

A
  • cc 7.1m
  • h 7m
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12
Q

What are the similar geologies in H 2010 AND CC 2011

A
  • Both built on floodplains
  • not truly solid rocks so both allow for significant movement during earthquakes
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13
Q

Difference in time of day and time of year in H 2010 AND CC 2011

A
  • CC 2PM HAITI 5PM
  • CC SEPTEMBER (cooler) HAITI JANUARY (increased humidity)
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14
Q

Case study: CHRISTCHURCH DEATH TOLL

A

181

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15
Q

Case study: HAITI DEATH TOLL

A

316,000

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16
Q

Case study: CHRISTCHURCH ECONOMIC COST

A

16.7% OF GDP lost

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17
Q

Case study: HAITI ECONOMIC COST

A

68% of GDP lost

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18
Q

Case study: CHRISTCHURCH POLITICAL PLANNING

A
  • high aseismic building controls
  • quick reaction on ground saving lives
  • life services reinstalled quickly
  • education survival packs for all school children
  • highly planned in an event of an eq
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19
Q

Case study: HAITI POLITICAL PLANNING

A
  • NO PLANNING/ BUILDING REGS/ EDUCATION
  • reliance on overseas aid - corruption index, only aid not money due to corrupt govt
  • no govt action on ground for over 5 days
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20
Q

Case study: CHRISTCHURCH - ENVIRONMENT

A
  • regular seismic zone
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21
Q

Case study: HAITI - ENVIRONMENT

A
  • first big quake of 200 yrs
  • regular hurricanes
22
Q

Case study: HAITI - ECONOMIC

A
  • reliance on farming
  • low income goods
  • poorly connected
  • poor infrastructure
23
Q

Case study: HAITI - SOCIAL

A
  • low adult literacy rate - 53%
  • 55% acces to clean water
  • 62 life expectancy
24
Q

Case study: CHRISTCHURCH - ECONOMIC

A
  • service sector based economy
  • high income trading
  • well connected
  • high quality infrastrucutre
25
Q

Case study: CHRISTCHURCH - SOCIAL

A
  • high adult literacy rate - 99%
  • 100% access to clean water and healthcare
  • 82 life expectancy
26
Q

True or False

The Philippines suffer from around 21 cyclones per year

A

TRUE

27
Q

What three factors are needed to generate a hurricane/typhoon/cyclone/tropical storm

A
  • sea surface temperature above 27 degrees
  • south of the equator, where the Coriolis effect is strong enough to generate spin
28
Q

Case study: Mount Pinatubo 1991
SEE effects

A

S - 350 died, (77) in lahars
E - 710 million dollars
E - 80,000 hectares of farm land destroyed

29
Q

Case study: Typhoon Haiyan 2013
SEE effects

A

S - 8,000 deaths, 1.1.m houses destroyed
E - 5.8 billion
E - 33m coconut trees destroyed

30
Q

Case study: GUINSAUGON MUDSLIDE 2006
physical (3) and human causes (2)

A

physical - unseasonal torrential rainfall, La Niña, 2.6m eq

human - deforestation of reducing forest cover by 40% exposing soils. Replacement of native deep rooted trees with shallow rooted trees reduces soil protection

31
Q

Describe the Parks model

A
  • it allows geographers to look at reposes to hazards through disruption and recovery
  • Parks highlights resilience and the ability to resist, cope or adapt to and then recover form a natural hazard
32
Q

Describe the three stages of response

A
  • Relief (hour-days)
  • Rehabilitation (days-weeks)
  • Reconstruction (weeks-years)
33
Q

Define MITIGATION

A

ACTIONS AND INTERVENTIONS THAT A COMMUNTIY CAN USE TO HEKP REDUCE VULNERABILITY IN ADVANCE OF TECTONIC HAZARDS

34
Q

Define ADAPTATION

A

WAYS IN WHICH COMMUNITIES MAY BE ABLE TO LIVE WITH A TECTONIC HAZARD BY MAKING ADJUSTMENTS TO HEKP COMMUNITIES REDUCE RISK

35
Q

What 4 steps does the disaster management cycle highlight?

A

prevent + mitigation —– preparation —— response ——- recovery ———

36
Q

Define prediction

A

Where a hazard might occur

37
Q

Define forecasting

A

When and where a hazard might occur and its likely magnitude

38
Q

Give two examples of prediction

A
  • seismic gap theory
  • earthquakes on boundaries
39
Q

Give two examples of forecasting

A
  • hazard profiles
  • past experiences
40
Q

Name three strategies to modify vulnerability and resilience

A

hi-tech monitoring
education
community
preparedness
adaptation

41
Q

Name two strategies to modify loss

A

emergency short and long term aid
insurance

42
Q

Name two strategies to modify the event

A

land use zoning
hazard resistant design and engineering defences

43
Q

Who are the three key players in managing loss

A
  • aid donors
  • ngo’s
  • local communities
44
Q

What three global actions have aimed to help build disaster resilience

A
  • The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015
  • The Sendai Framework 2015
  • The Sustainable Development Goals
45
Q

What are the 4 M’s

A

MODIFY THE CAUSE
MODIFY THE EVENT
MODIFY THE LOSS
MODIFY THE VULNERABILITY

46
Q

What is meant by modifying the cause and give an example

A
  • preventing the hazard at source (this can be difficult or near impossible for tectonic hazards)
    San Andreas Fault
47
Q

What is meant by modifying the event and give an example

A
  • the ability to control, avoid, resist: involves engineering and technologies, land use zoning and building designs
    e.g. CHILE 2010
48
Q

What is meant by modifying the loss and give an example

A
  • rescue, relief aid and insurance cover
    e.g. SICHUAN 2008
49
Q

What is meant by modifying the vulnerability and give an example

A
  • prediction, warning, preparedness and education
    e.g. CHRISTCHRUCH 2011/ CHILE 2010
50
Q

Sichuan’s aid and relief (example of modifying and hazard management)

A
  • 1.5 million temporary homes built
  • 3.37 billion dollars from China’s disaster relief fund
  • 4500 new primary schools to be built
51
Q
A
52
Q

List 7/15 management techniques

A
  • land zoning
  • building protective structures
  • mobile phone tech
  • evacuation procedures
  • community prep days
  • satellite communications
  • hazard modelling
  • enforcing building codes
  • lava diversion channels
  • stockpiling equipment
  • public education
  • aseismic building design
  • early warning systems
  • crisis mapping
  • survival kits

Geography A Level🌏 (22 decks)

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