Globalisation enq 2 Flashcards
what are the impacts of globalisation on people, culture, environment
What is global shift
The relocation of work, especially manufacturing from europe and North America to Asia, South America and Africa
Name example of OUTSOURCING OF SERVICES
India, cities like Bangalore now have high quality internet and broadband. Indian workers typically paid less
Name example of OUTSOURCING OF MANUFACTURING
China, access to abundant workforce, investment into high tech manufacturing, relaxed govt interference, investment into SEZ encourages FDI
What challenge can global shift lead to for HICs
Deindustrialisation, loss of traditional industry brings about socio-economic issues, as companies relocate their manufacturing
What five factors can deindustrialisation lead to
Depopulation
Dereliction
Increase in crime rates
Unemployment
Poverty
What are three examples of where deindustrialization has occurred
- Middlesborough, previous ship-making
- Redcar, previous steel-works
Manchester, was centre of industrial rev.
What are two benefits of global shift to HIC’s
- tertiary and quaternary jobs provide high pay and better conditions than previous manufacturing jobs.
- consumers can receive cheaper goods
What are the four costs of global shift to HIC’s
- unemployment, struggle to replace manufacturing jobs
- crime, poverty and lack of opportunities in switched off areas of HIC’s
- depopulation middle class will migrate away, collapsing local economy
- dereliction many towns become empty of people and lead to people not caring about their environment
What are the four benefits of global shift to MIC’s and LIC’s
- poverty rates reduced - 600m people out of poverty in China due to work available , leads to a growing middle class
- literacy rates and education improvement - 3000 uni’s in China, highly skilled and educated workers
- infrastructure - investment has lead to growth of infrastructure such as motorways, railways etc.
- health - shared medical info has helped with diseases and viruses
What are the four costs of global shift to MIC’s and LIC’s
- worker exploitation and work hours due to the race to the bottom this increasing inequality gap between poor and rich
- environment, mass urbanisation, deforestation and cash crops. This has become a growing issue in e-waste sites in Mexico, China and Ghana
- health, factors often have poor health and safety, increase in pollution due to industrialisation e.g. China hundreds of poisonings from chemicals used in iPhone touchscreens, 2013 Rana Plaza 1,134 dead in Bangladesh due to poor regs.
- new infrastructure can lead to a loss of recreation space and removal of local culture
What are four ‘push’ factors that cause people to migrate
- to escape war, conflict and civil unrest
- unemployment
- lack of health and education
- fleeing persecution
What are four ‘pull’ factors that cause people to migrate
- higher income jobs
- liberal laws and attitudes
- wealth and lifestyle
- family, cultural and language links
What does migration mean
the movement of people over international borders
Define emigrant
- someone who leaves
Define immigrant
- someone who arrives
What is an economic migrant
a person who migrates for work or to seek work to improve their economic position. (a flow of labour)
What is a refugee
a person who is displaced, being forced out of their home potentially due to war, natural hazards or accidents
e.g. Syrian refugees escaping war
What is an asylum seeker
a refugee who wishes to remain in another country permanently. This application in considered by the government and they can work and access services like education
What has rural to urban migration contributed to the creation of
global hubs and megacities
True or false, as of 2007, more people live in urban areas than rural
TRUE, this has been created by internal migration
Define a global hub
A city with a significant amount and variance of flows. A city which has a global influence on economics, culture and migration e.g. London, New York
Define a megacity
A city with more than 10m people. City boundaries are often disputed and sometimes consider the ‘greater’ region e.g. Tokyo, LA
What are the two challenges of rural to urban migration
environmental sustainability
social sustainability
Why is environmental sustainability a challenge to rural to urban migration
as the growth of unregulated industry can impact on river conditions and biodiversity
many cities have sewage issues where raw waste is dumped in LIC’s
Why is social sustainability a challenge to rural to urban migration
rapid growth can lead to challenges to ensure housing, healthcare and education is provided.
As places become more popular, house prices rise and exclude low income people
What are two types of international migration
elite international migration - highly skilled, their wealth comes from high pay professions or assets
low waged international migration - attracted to global hubs due to higher pay
Benefits to host countries from migration
- fills labour shortages
- fills jobs locals don’t want
- migrants spend money - tax
e.g. UK economy has benefitted by at least 4 billion pounds due to EU migration
Benefits to source countries from migration
- remittance, money sent home by migrants
- eases housing and health pressures
- migrants learn skills and then return
e.g. polish economy tripled since 2004 when they joined EU, partially this is due to people returning home with skills
Costs to host countries from migration
- social tensions
- changes to character of place
Costs to source countries from migration
- ‘brain drain’ loss of skilled workers
- mainly working age loss - tax
- loss of young services and culture
Define global culture
The idea that people in different countries share experiences, norms and ideas that can often unite but also divide. There is also the idea of global culture integration and diffusion where culture are adapted and merged together
What five factors does global culture include
- food - americanised food changes to global diet
- entertainment - mainly western American films, but growing influence by Asia e.g. Squid Game and K-pop
- fashion
- language - English dominant language
- TNC’s - shared experiences and products can lead to cultural homogenisation, same words, logos etc.
What are 5 benefits of global culture
- more entertainment options
- more business opportunities and income
- shared technology
- shared healthcare
- changing values e.g. LGBT+
What are 5 challenges of global culture
- loss of local culture and tradition
- environmental impacts
- growing rich and poor divide
- cultural imperialism
- TNC’s controlling culture
What are two examples of anti-globalisers?
- Government - Bhutan small country between India and China, the last decade has seen increase in tourism and a challenge to traditions and language.
- NGO’s/ Individuals - Brexit voters - antiglobalisers
