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Geography A Level🌏 > migration enq 1 > Flashcards

migration enq 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the five types of migrants

A

economic migrant
refugee
asylum seeker
irregular migrant
forced migrant

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2
Q

define economic migrant

A

someone moving for better employment opportunities or more money

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3
Q

define refugee

A

person leaving home because they have suffered or fear they will be persecuted due to race, religion, nationality, pol opinions

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4
Q

define asylum seeker

A

when someone seeks asylum in other countries and is granted asylum seeker status as a global obligation

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5
Q

define irregular migrant

A

someone who enters illegally without a valid visa or permit or who as overstayed their visa

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6
Q

define forced migrant

A

someone who has to move due to slavery,war, climate etc.

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7
Q

what are the two common trends of migration

A

rural to urban migration within emerging economies
international migration between interconnected countries

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8
Q

china and rural - urban migration case study

A
  • 230 million rural migrant workers
    pull factors: qol, higher wages
    push factors: decreased need for rural labour = income = qol
  • rural migrants = 40% of the urban labour force
  • the hakou system, those with urban hakous greater recognition for job prospects etc.
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9
Q

DRC and rural-urban migration case study

A
  • capital has double in size every 5 yrs since 1950
  • 72% rural households in DRC ar poor
  • driven solely by push of factors of rural qol : food insecurity, child malnourishment, wages v low
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10
Q

what are the main differences when comparing chinas rural to urban migration and the DRC’s

A

in china rural-urban migration occurs as a result of push and pull factors whereas DRC is driven by push factors as a result of v bad quality of life.

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11
Q

what does the lees model 1966 highlight

A
  • it does not isolate push and pull factors - ones pull factor can be another push factor
  • decisions based on WAGE
  • lees intervening obstacles are both REAL and PERCIEVED e.g. languages, lack of visa, anxieties
  • when positives outweigh the negatives people will move
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12
Q

why does international migration vary between countries

A
  • migration policies
  • level of engagement in global economy
  • internal economic growth
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13
Q

Singapore migration policies case study

A
  • termination of employment means termination of visa and non residents must leave within 7 days
  • Malaysian immigrants cannot marry Singapore residents

however, a skilled labour from the west has less restrictive visas and can apply for residency after 2 yrs

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14
Q

japan’s non immigariotn policy case study

A
  • aging and shrinking workforce = immigrants needed
  • but Japan has a homogenous population and racial unification = large migration would disrupt them
  • 2014 opinion poll: solution to solving labour shortages = increased no. of working women, elderly and robots
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15
Q

what are two types if migration (economics)

A

low paid international migration
elitist international migration

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16
Q

why do people move socially, politically, economically, environmentally (2 for each)

A

soc
- family
- health
- education
- QoL
economic
- job
- income difference/ wage
- prospects
pol
- persecution
- conflict
- asylum seeking
env
- floods
- drought
- trop storms

17
Q

example of environmental factors leading to migration NZ

A

sea level rise in Kiribati to New Zealand

18
Q

example of conflict factors leading to migration - two biggest countries with stats

A
  • syria 7.6 million
    -colombia 6 million
19
Q

what are the four theories of movement

A

Neo classical economic theory
dual labour market theory
the new economics of labour migration
relative deprivation theory

20
Q

what is Neo classical economic theory

A

wage differentials led from low to high wage countries

21
Q

what is dual labour market theory

A

pull factors in developed countries bring migrants to fill low skilled jobs

22
Q

what is the new economics of labour migration theory

A

flows and patterns cannot be explained by push and pull but are more complex

23
Q

what is relative deprivation theory

A

income differences. successful migrants can afford better schooling and q o l

24
Q

what is a criticism on the 4 theories of movement

A

they don’t help explain every movement just the economic factors need to take into account the social, environmental, political factors

25
Q

how many people did the conflict in Yemen displace

A

2 million

26
Q

has the global population doubled or tripled since 1950

A

tripled

27
Q

Case study - eu Schengen agreement

A
  • 2004 8 new countries (A8) joined eu poorer economies such as Czech republic, slovenia, Slovakia
  • eu open border policy for trade = free movement is prevented until economies aligned with the eu
28
Q

what impacts ones rate of assimilation (seven factors) key

A
  • government policy
  • speaking the local language
  • culture and religious similarities
  • residence time
  • whether society has a multicultural society
  • dominance of ethnic enclaves
  • historical policies - colonialism
29
Q

what percentage of British muslims felt like they had uk nationality

A

77%

30
Q

in 2013 report what percentage of people felt migration should be curbed (held back)

A

77%

31
Q

what has been the role of globalisation in migration

A

globalisation has eroded traditional power of the state and its ability to protect people. A loss of sovereignty to outside influence

32
Q

what is the data to back up that there is a dichotomy on uk attitudes towards migration

A
  • 77% migration should be curbed
  • 72% support of allowing new doctors and nurses
33
Q

case study - what is the uk policy on the management of migration

A
  • point based system favouring skilled, education and earning capacity
  • the workers registration scheme allows some low skilled workers from eastern Europe to fill low paid jobs e.g. plumbing
34
Q

what are the top 3 percentages of gross migration into the uk

A
  • Poland 9.5%
  • india 9%
  • pakistan 5.9%
    PIP
35
Q

case study - uk migration ( NOT POLICY)
birth and deaths rates

A
  • 3.1% decrease from live briths in 2022 from 2021
  • 2022 1.58 children per woman compared to 1961 - 3 children per woman
  • more people dying than being born - 2022 10 per 1000 DR
    11 per 1000 BR
36
Q

what are the costs of migration

A

(SHINPS)
- Shared groups have shared loyalties
- higher taxes for services - housing, healthcare
- increased traffic congestion
- non adoption of host culture
- population density
- stagnation of wages

37
Q

define national identity

A

a sense of a nation as a cohesive whole as represented by distinctive traditions, culture and language

38
Q

how many British Asians believed white people didn’t treat them as British

A

HALF

Geography A Level🌏 (22 decks)

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