migration enq 1 Flashcards
what are the five types of migrants
economic migrant
refugee
asylum seeker
irregular migrant
forced migrant
define economic migrant
someone moving for better employment opportunities or more money
define refugee
person leaving home because they have suffered or fear they will be persecuted due to race, religion, nationality, pol opinions
define asylum seeker
when someone seeks asylum in other countries and is granted asylum seeker status as a global obligation
define irregular migrant
someone who enters illegally without a valid visa or permit or who as overstayed their visa
define forced migrant
someone who has to move due to slavery,war, climate etc.
what are the two common trends of migration
rural to urban migration within emerging economies
international migration between interconnected countries
china and rural - urban migration case study
- 230 million rural migrant workers
pull factors: qol, higher wages
push factors: decreased need for rural labour = income = qol - rural migrants = 40% of the urban labour force
- the hakou system, those with urban hakous greater recognition for job prospects etc.
DRC and rural-urban migration case study
- capital has double in size every 5 yrs since 1950
- 72% rural households in DRC ar poor
- driven solely by push of factors of rural qol : food insecurity, child malnourishment, wages v low
what are the main differences when comparing chinas rural to urban migration and the DRC’s
in china rural-urban migration occurs as a result of push and pull factors whereas DRC is driven by push factors as a result of v bad quality of life.
what does the lees model 1966 highlight
- it does not isolate push and pull factors - ones pull factor can be another push factor
- decisions based on WAGE
- lees intervening obstacles are both REAL and PERCIEVED e.g. languages, lack of visa, anxieties
- when positives outweigh the negatives people will move
why does international migration vary between countries
- migration policies
- level of engagement in global economy
- internal economic growth
Singapore migration policies case study
- termination of employment means termination of visa and non residents must leave within 7 days
- Malaysian immigrants cannot marry Singapore residents
however, a skilled labour from the west has less restrictive visas and can apply for residency after 2 yrs
japan’s non immigariotn policy case study
- aging and shrinking workforce = immigrants needed
- but Japan has a homogenous population and racial unification = large migration would disrupt them
- 2014 opinion poll: solution to solving labour shortages = increased no. of working women, elderly and robots
what are two types if migration (economics)
low paid international migration
elitist international migration
why do people move socially, politically, economically, environmentally (2 for each)
soc
- family
- health
- education
- QoL
economic
- job
- income difference/ wage
- prospects
pol
- persecution
- conflict
- asylum seeking
env
- floods
- drought
- trop storms
example of environmental factors leading to migration NZ
sea level rise in Kiribati to New Zealand
example of conflict factors leading to migration - two biggest countries with stats
- syria 7.6 million
-colombia 6 million
what are the four theories of movement
Neo classical economic theory
dual labour market theory
the new economics of labour migration
relative deprivation theory
what is Neo classical economic theory
wage differentials led from low to high wage countries
what is dual labour market theory
pull factors in developed countries bring migrants to fill low skilled jobs
what is the new economics of labour migration theory
flows and patterns cannot be explained by push and pull but are more complex
what is relative deprivation theory
income differences. successful migrants can afford better schooling and q o l
what is a criticism on the 4 theories of movement
they don’t help explain every movement just the economic factors need to take into account the social, environmental, political factors
how many people did the conflict in Yemen displace
2 million
has the global population doubled or tripled since 1950
tripled
Case study - eu Schengen agreement
- 2004 8 new countries (A8) joined eu poorer economies such as Czech republic, slovenia, Slovakia
- eu open border policy for trade = free movement is prevented until economies aligned with the eu
what impacts ones rate of assimilation (seven factors) key
- government policy
- speaking the local language
- culture and religious similarities
- residence time
- whether society has a multicultural society
- dominance of ethnic enclaves
- historical policies - colonialism
what percentage of British muslims felt like they had uk nationality
77%
in 2013 report what percentage of people felt migration should be curbed (held back)
77%
what has been the role of globalisation in migration
globalisation has eroded traditional power of the state and its ability to protect people. A loss of sovereignty to outside influence
what is the data to back up that there is a dichotomy on uk attitudes towards migration
- 77% migration should be curbed
- 72% support of allowing new doctors and nurses
case study - what is the uk policy on the management of migration
- point based system favouring skilled, education and earning capacity
- the workers registration scheme allows some low skilled workers from eastern Europe to fill low paid jobs e.g. plumbing
what are the top 3 percentages of gross migration into the uk
- Poland 9.5%
- india 9%
- pakistan 5.9%
PIP
case study - uk migration ( NOT POLICY)
birth and deaths rates
- 3.1% decrease from live briths in 2022 from 2021
- 2022 1.58 children per woman compared to 1961 - 3 children per woman
- more people dying than being born - 2022 10 per 1000 DR
11 per 1000 BR
what are the costs of migration
(SHINPS)
- Shared groups have shared loyalties
- higher taxes for services - housing, healthcare
- increased traffic congestion
- non adoption of host culture
- population density
- stagnation of wages
define national identity
a sense of a nation as a cohesive whole as represented by distinctive traditions, culture and language
how many British Asians believed white people didn’t treat them as British
HALF
