migration enq 2

Question 1

nation state definition

Answer 1

a political entity that has sovereignty over its territory with an authority to govern without outside interference and is recognised by other countries

Question 2

what is the worlds largest nation state

Answer 2

Japan with 127 million people

Question 3

nation states Iceland case study

Answer 3

• homogenous and unique culture and language
• cultural homogeneity - patronymic/ matronymic surnames

Question 4

nation states Singapore case study

Answer 4

• ‘city state’ rather than nation state
• global, commercial, financial, transport hub
• 48% population foreign born
• culturally and ethnically diverse
• linguistically 50% mandarin, 32% English

Question 5

compare Iceland and Singapore as nation states

Answer 5

both are islands however iceland has a much more homogenous culture due to its climate and distinctive culture whereas Singapore is very multi cultural and ethnically diverse

Question 6

why are borders contested with examples for each point (7)

Answer 6

• lack of clarity e.g. Spain/france
• whether there is an existence of border or not differing on perspective e.g. Taiwan
• colonialism e.g. africa
• natural resources e.g. artic
• political boundaries can divide groups that share common region, culture, ancestry etc.e.g. nk/sk
• dissolution of Soviet Union/ Yugoslavia
• historical decisions e.g. Kashmir

Question 7

what are contested borders and conflict fuelled by (3)

Answer 7

• a desire to unite culturally
• to gain access to resources
• to absorb other territories

Question 8

Iraq case study as nation state

Answer 8

• historical split split sunnis and Shias
• majority of Iraq are Shias so there is a false belief that sunnies were the real majority in Iraq = religious tensions
• all as a result of historically the Sykes-picot agreement 1916, cutting though ethnic and religious communities to create nation states to divide up

Question 9

Taiwan case study as nation state

Answer 9

• not recognised which is still ‘the republic of china’
• the peoples republic of china (china) claim Taiwan as there 23rd state and therefore denies it international recognition as a sovereign state

Question 10

Ukraine case study as nation state

Answer 10

• contested fro a long time, many empires ruled it e.g. Poland, Ottoman Empire, Russia
• crimea contested, annexation in February 2014 by Russia

Question 11

define nationalism

Answer 11

nationalism is the shared feeling for a special, significant, geographical area

Question 12

why was there a rise in nationalism in 19th century europe

Answer 12

because of the Industrial Revolution and the increased wealth of nations

empire building e,g, Britain, Spain, France

Question 13

how does the un show the rise in political will of the independence of Africa after Britain left in 1960

Answer 13

the speed of membership
1945 - 51 members
1969 - 120 members

Question 14

example of post colonial conflict - Sierra Leone

Answer 14

economic collapse and civilians wanting control over the diamond mines foreigners were profiting from lead to civil war

Question 15

example of post colonial conflict - ivory coast

Answer 15

muslims in the north felt like they were being discriminated against by the politically dominant and christian south thus leading to a civil war

Question 16

Catalonia case study - background

Answer 16

produces 20% of Spanish wealth, wants independence from Spain
has its own widely spoken language and wants independence form Spain

Question 17

Catalonia case study - why does Catalonia want its independence

Answer 17

because they feel like they contribute more than their fare share in taxes to help subsidise the poorer south regions

Question 18

Catalonia case study - figures for supporting independence

Answer 18

2010, half the population supported independence
2015 pro independence parties won a majority in regional elections

Question 19

catalonia case study - what ABOUT
the eu?

Answer 19

• many European businesses in catalonia
• if they did get independence they would have to renegotiate trading deals

Question 20

what are examples of 5 places with contested ownership

Answer 20

• catalonia
• Basque region
• Bavaria
• scotland
• corsica
• Brittany
• Wales

Question 21

what are the reasons for areas of contested ownership wanting independence (5) WHOLP

Answer 21

• heritage
• wealth
• language
• oppression
• previous tensions

Question 22

example of rise of nationalism in Bavaria

Answer 22

the AfD were the biggest gainers of votes in Bavaria winning 10% support

Question 23

what percentage of the worlds wealth is hidden in tax havens

Answer 23

10%

Question 24

what was the new international economic order of 1964 and why wasn’t it implemented

Answer 24

it entitled regulation and controlling activity of MNC’s in territories,, freedom to nationalise and set stable and equitable processor raw materials etc.

however the superpowers opposed these as didn’t work in their economic interest and as a consequence socio-economic inequalities further developed

Question 25

what three ways can tax havens offer services for the wealthy

Answer 25

permit business transactions to take place secretly
encourage tax avoidance
evasion of financial regulations

Question 26

what is an example of a tax haven and explain

Answer 26

the British Virgin Islands
specialise in offshore companies which can reinvest profits and therefore deter tax payments indefinitely

Question 27

what are the four pros of tax havens

Answer 27

they can increase the GDP of the people
decrease the taxes benefit the locals
invest in infrastructure
make a country more globalised and connected

Question 28

what are four cons on tax havens

Answer 28

increased tax burden on workers as companies avoid tax = less to spend on public services
LIC’s don’t benefit from the tax earnt
can cost countries billions in lost revenue/ the potential for capital flight

Question 29

ikea tax havens static - how much do they avoid

Answer 29

they avoid 1 billion dollars in tax over 6 years

Question 30

case study - the impact of tax havens on developing countries

Answer 30

2014 christian aid - Africa highest proportion of assets held abroad globally
illicit flows outweigh foreign aid
so these outflows mean there is less money to reinvest in the country if this money had stayed poverty could be reduced by 5% a year

Question 31

tax haven - Swiss banks

Answer 31

15% of liberia’s GDP is stored in swissbanks

Question 32

what has the increased use of tax havens lead to

Answer 32

increased income inequality the top 5% have 60% of global wealth

Question 33

what is the impact of capital flight on tax havens

Answer 33

as companies drive to the bottom to get the most cheapest foreign direct investment this leads to countries lowering tax rates as they are afraid of companies moving to a country with a better tax rate

Question 34

true or false in both Monaco and Zurich 1/3 of their residence are millionaires

Answer 34

trueeee

Question 35

comparison of companies with low tax rates and more ethical companies

Answer 35

McDonalds 2.2% tax rate, kfc 3.3% tax rate

vs

coop and John Lewis partnership where workers share and aren’t solely driven by capitalism

Question 36

latin America tax haven stats

Answer 36

3x tax havens since 1976
money from tax evasions can help lift 32 million people out of tax evasion alone in latin America

Question 37

UN rwanda 1994 mission cons

Answer 37

failure to stop the majority of Hutus from killing one million of the tutsi minority

Question 38

Black hawk down - explain how cons of intervention

Answer 38

the battle of Mogadishu = US forces intervene to distribute food aid and create greater political stability through humanitarian intervention
US forces at risk many killed
so US forces - dead corpses dragged through the street = disastrous raid in capital of Mogadishu = 500 Somalians died