migration enq 2 Flashcards
nation state definition
a political entity that has sovereignty over its territory with an authority to govern without outside interference and is recognised by other countries
what is the worlds largest nation state
Japan with 127 million people
nation states Iceland case study
- homogenous and unique culture and language
- cultural homogeneity - patronymic/ matronymic surnames
nation states Singapore case study
- ‘city state’ rather than nation state
- global, commercial, financial, transport hub
- 48% population foreign born
- culturally and ethnically diverse
- linguistically 50% mandarin, 32% English
compare Iceland and Singapore as nation states
both are islands however iceland has a much more homogenous culture due to its climate and distinctive culture whereas Singapore is very multi cultural and ethnically diverse
why are borders contested with examples for each point (7)
- lack of clarity e.g. Spain/france
- whether there is an existence of border or not differing on perspective e.g. Taiwan
- colonialism e.g. africa
- natural resources e.g. artic
- political boundaries can divide groups that share common region, culture, ancestry etc.e.g. nk/sk
- dissolution of Soviet Union/ Yugoslavia
- historical decisions e.g. Kashmir
what are contested borders and conflict fuelled by (3)
- a desire to unite culturally
- to gain access to resources
- to absorb other territories
Iraq case study as nation state
- historical split split sunnis and Shias
- majority of Iraq are Shias so there is a false belief that sunnies were the real majority in Iraq = religious tensions
- all as a result of historically the Sykes-picot agreement 1916, cutting though ethnic and religious communities to create nation states to divide up
Taiwan case study as nation state
- not recognised which is still ‘the republic of china’
- the peoples republic of china (china) claim Taiwan as there 23rd state and therefore denies it international recognition as a sovereign state
Ukraine case study as nation state
- contested fro a long time, many empires ruled it e.g. Poland, Ottoman Empire, Russia
- crimea contested, annexation in February 2014 by Russia
define nationalism
nationalism is the shared feeling for a special, significant, geographical area
why was there a rise in nationalism in 19th century europe
because of the Industrial Revolution and the increased wealth of nations
empire building e,g, Britain, Spain, France
how does the un show the rise in political will of the independence of Africa after Britain left in 1960
the speed of membership
1945 - 51 members
1969 - 120 members
example of post colonial conflict - Sierra Leone
economic collapse and civilians wanting control over the diamond mines foreigners were profiting from lead to civil war
example of post colonial conflict - ivory coast
muslims in the north felt like they were being discriminated against by the politically dominant and christian south thus leading to a civil war
Catalonia case study - background
produces 20% of Spanish wealth, wants independence from Spain
has its own widely spoken language and wants independence form Spain
Catalonia case study - why does Catalonia want its independence
because they feel like they contribute more than their fare share in taxes to help subsidise the poorer south regions
Catalonia case study - figures for supporting independence
2010, half the population supported independence
2015 pro independence parties won a majority in regional elections
catalonia case study - what ABOUT
the eu?
- many European businesses in catalonia
- if they did get independence they would have to renegotiate trading deals
what are examples of 5 places with contested ownership
- catalonia
- Basque region
- Bavaria
- scotland
- corsica
- Brittany
- Wales
what are the reasons for areas of contested ownership wanting independence (5) WHOLP
- heritage
- wealth
- language
- oppression
- previous tensions
example of rise of nationalism in Bavaria
the AfD were the biggest gainers of votes in Bavaria winning 10% support
what percentage of the worlds wealth is hidden in tax havens
10%
what was the new international economic order of 1964 and why wasn’t it implemented
it entitled regulation and controlling activity of MNC’s in territories,, freedom to nationalise and set stable and equitable processor raw materials etc.
however the superpowers opposed these as didn’t work in their economic interest and as a consequence socio-economic inequalities further developed
what three ways can tax havens offer services for the wealthy
permit business transactions to take place secretly
encourage tax avoidance
evasion of financial regulations
what is an example of a tax haven and explain
the British Virgin Islands
specialise in offshore companies which can reinvest profits and therefore deter tax payments indefinitely
what are the four pros of tax havens
they can increase the GDP of the people
decrease the taxes benefit the locals
invest in infrastructure
make a country more globalised and connected
what are four cons on tax havens
increased tax burden on workers as companies avoid tax = less to spend on public services
LIC’s don’t benefit from the tax earnt
can cost countries billions in lost revenue/ the potential for capital flight
ikea tax havens static - how much do they avoid
they avoid 1 billion dollars in tax over 6 years
case study - the impact of tax havens on developing countries
2014 christian aid - Africa highest proportion of assets held abroad globally
illicit flows outweigh foreign aid
so these outflows mean there is less money to reinvest in the country if this money had stayed poverty could be reduced by 5% a year
tax haven - Swiss banks
15% of liberia’s GDP is stored in swissbanks
what has the increased use of tax havens lead to
increased income inequality the top 5% have 60% of global wealth
what is the impact of capital flight on tax havens
as companies drive to the bottom to get the most cheapest foreign direct investment this leads to countries lowering tax rates as they are afraid of companies moving to a country with a better tax rate
true or false in both Monaco and Zurich 1/3 of their residence are millionaires
trueeee
comparison of companies with low tax rates and more ethical companies
McDonalds 2.2% tax rate, kfc 3.3% tax rate
vs
coop and John Lewis partnership where workers share and aren’t solely driven by capitalism
latin America tax haven stats
3x tax havens since 1976
money from tax evasions can help lift 32 million people out of tax evasion alone in latin America
UN rwanda 1994 mission cons
failure to stop the majority of Hutus from killing one million of the tutsi minority
Black hawk down - explain how cons of intervention
the battle of Mogadishu = US forces intervene to distribute food aid and create greater political stability through humanitarian intervention
US forces at risk many killed
so US forces - dead corpses dragged through the street = disastrous raid in capital of Mogadishu = 500 Somalians died
