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Geography A Level🌏 > Regeneration > Flashcards

Regeneration Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 4 sectors and explain them

A

Primary - production , Secondary - manufacturing , Tertiary - service jobs, Quaternary - knowledge and business sector

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2
Q

Describe Manchester during Victorian era

A
  • Industrial - cotton
  • Slums, struggling for survival in conditions
  • life expectancy 29 years
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3
Q

What evidence is there for an increasing north-south divide?

A
  • Wages
  • House prices
  • Jobs
  • Education
  • Health
  • Government investment
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4
Q

Explain the Northern Powerhouse Scheme

A

A national policy from the Government in 2015 to enable trade and industrial connections ‘bringing the north together’ reducing travel to work times.

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5
Q

Cons of Northern Powerhouse Scheme

A
  • too MCR centric
  • Newcastle and Hull to far away from realistically being part of the scheme
  • railway systems need upgrading
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6
Q

Why do we have international and global influences?

A

British empire created global connections leading to an increase in diversity within the country

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7
Q

Why do ethnic minorities tend to concentrate?

A
  • infrastructure e.g. mosques
  • old industrial towns offer cheaper housing
  • different social structures and ideologies
  • level of internal segregation
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8
Q

Why do places change?

A

Physical factors - location, environment, technology
Accessibility and connections - access, connections
Historical Development - post production era, competition for land, change in consumer trends, increased affluence, historical buildings
Local and national planning - national gov policies, conservation area policies, gov intervention

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9
Q

What is diaspora?

A

The diversion or spread of any people from their original homeland

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10
Q

Manchester and Identity

A
  • Big cities become a melting pot of different people from different backgrounds
  • LGBTQ+ community that Manchester caters for through the gay village
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11
Q

Issues with identity

A
  • online shopping
  • agricultural decline
  • improvements in technology = more people working from home.
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12
Q

Rural Pressure and a two-tier economy being created…

A

Leads to new people moving in raising house prices. Locals can no longer afford housing so move away and commuters move in.

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13
Q

Altrincham - regeneration

A

Functional change in industry through retail change, commercial change and demographic change.

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14
Q

What is Gentrification

A

A change in social structure of a place usually where affluent people move in.

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15
Q

What is an example of gentrification?

A

The Northern Quarter or Salford Quays.

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16
Q

What is studentification?

A

Where students cluster in certain parts of town.

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17
Q

What are the three causes of demographic change?

A

Globalisation, Employment change and inward migration

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18
Q

Explain how globalisation creates demographic change

A

Manufactured good being produced more cheaply overseas, this affected manufacturing in London and elsewhere. E.g. Docklands has had the chance to redevelop into affluent place. E.g. Rusholme migration and globalisation = food and religion and culture

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19
Q

Explain how inward migration creates demographic change

A

A growing economy and ageing population = need for overseas migrants to work, creating new identities e.g. Jewish population in MCR, Pakistani population in curry mile, Chinese population in China town, Altrincham - wealthy migrants move in.

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20
Q

Explain how employment change creates demographic change

A

Old - new economy = increase in quaternary sector jobs and decrease in primary sector e.g. mills and factory workers to technical assistance. Altrincham salaries increase 9% yearly due to regeneration.

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21
Q

Role of planning by National Governments three e.g.s

A
  • 1990s policy to increase no. of students impacted many towns
  • 1980s Privatisation began, more partnerships with private investors
  • 1960s/70s council housing
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22
Q

3 post production transition consequences

A

Rural areas no longer rely on farming or mining so need to find new ways of work etc.
Change in consumer trends
Increased competition and consumer demands for retail and commercial functions

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23
Q

Altrincham issues

A
  • ‘Ghost town’
  • Vacancy rates as high as 30%
  • poor public services
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24
Q

Altrincham Forward 2011 plan

A

To increase footfall dwell time and spend creating a modern market town.

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25
Q

Success in Altrincham?

A
  • Footfall increased 11.4% since 2015
  • Vacancy rate decreased to 7.3%
  • Transport interchange and other public realm improvements
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26
Q

Lessons learnt from success in Altrincham

A
  • Councils should play a strong leadership role
  • All sectors should be engaged
  • Improving public realm = v. important.
  • Importance of an USP - Altrincham Market
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27
Q

Name 4 stakeholders in Altrincham and explain

A
  • Trafford Council - fund and set up regeneration
  • Altrincham Forward - Day to day planning and overseeing project
  • Local business - commitment to town and helped to develop and diversify
  • Local residents - consulted informed and part of decision making process.
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28
Q

Name 4 key methods in measuring change

A
  • Land use change
  • Employment trends
  • Demographic Change
  • Levels of Deprivation
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29
Q

What does IMD stand for?

A

Index of Multiple Deprivation

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30
Q

Name 4/7 IMD factors

A
  • Income deprivation
  • Employment deprivation
  • Education skills and training deprivation
  • Health and Disability deprivation
  • Crime
  • Living environment
  • Barriers to housing and services
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31
Q

Why is perception important?

A

It is a vital part of lived experience, perception can impact quality of life how people interact with each other and the impacts on community.

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32
Q

How can success be measure in urban places?

A
  • High levels of employment
  • Inward migration
  • Quality of life
  • Low levels of deprivation
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33
Q

What are two prime examples of successful regeneration?

A

London Docklands and Altrincham

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34
Q

before regeneration

Issues with London Docklands

A
  • Unemployment rose due to closer of docks in late 60s
  • Derelict Riverland - what should local authorities do with it
  • 25% jobs lost, locals left
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35
Q

Developing the Old Docks

A
  • London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) established by conservative gov in 1981
  • Most of area designated an ‘Enterprise Zone’
  • LDDC mission to attract private investment to achieve this they were given public funding
  • ‘Docklands’ is now a recognised brand and a desirable place to live.
36
Q

London Docklands and transport

A
  • Docklands Light Railway (DLR) built
  • Canary Wharf joined to the London Underground network when Jubilee line was extended
  • new transport links have encouraged commercial tenants
37
Q

Name the 6 stakeholders of Docklands Regeneration process and explain impact.

A
  • Conservative gov - LDCC major planning powers and public funding
  • DLR - enabled access and developed new routes
  • Olympia and York (property company)
  • Banks - important to fund dev.
  • TNCs - move into area of Barclays/HSBC helping it to become financial capital of Europe
  • Individuals - homes being demolished and moving out but some benefit
38
Q

What does perception change with?

A
  • Younger people
  • Gender
  • Wealth
  • Sexuality
  • Retirees
39
Q

What are sink estates?

A

Gov. policy led to the segregation of lower income groups. Were built to improve conditions however not successful.

40
Q

Example of a sink estate

A

Broadwater Farm - London

41
Q

What is a gated community?

A

Exist in regenerated areas where heavily protected areas exist within areas of deprivation. Protecting incomers from perceived threat of residents.

42
Q

Example of a gated community

A

London Docklands, Northern Quarter, previously Victoria Park

43
Q

Name 3/4 issues with gated communities

A
  • encourage urban social segregation
  • their presence can reduce property value in non gated surrounding neighbourhoods
  • stimulate tensions socially between inside and outside
  • consolidate otherness as dangerous.
44
Q

Example of a Commuter Village

A

Great Budworth, Wilmslow, Prestbury

45
Q

Name 3 facts about Commuter Villages

A
  • fast population growth despite economic downturn e.g. covid and 2008
  • ‘wealth corridors’ have developed high speed rail inks and motorways e.g. alderly edge
  • Spend less in the village they live in - need for regeneration
46
Q

Name 3 issues with Commuter Villages

A
  • Original population can often get pushed out
  • High affluence
  • Young adults tend to leave due to lack of opps
  • Often rely on low paid work, struggle to afford housing
47
Q

4 reasons with examples for deindustrialised areas to decline

A
  • Shipbuilding e.g. Middlesborough
  • Steelmaking e.g. Sheffield
  • Coal mining e.g. Yorkshire
  • Farming e.g. Wales
48
Q

What was the Rust Belt USA famous for?

A

Steel and Car production

49
Q

Why did Rust Belt fall into economic decline?

A

Due to automation, global shit and increase in free trade. Trump also but tariffs on steel from China, so China produced their own leading to loss of trade.
Now it is characterised by derelict land and buildings.

50
Q

What two ways in engagement measured in?

A
  1. National and Local election turn out
  2. Development and support for local community groups
51
Q

How many eligible voters were not registered in 2015?

A

7.5 million

52
Q

Why are there low election turn outs?

A

Due to lack of representation in government - ethnic, poor and youth
Lack of accessibility
Uneducated

53
Q

Why are community groups important?

A

-They can help and hinder development
- Engaged in a scheme, promoting success
- Beneficial when on board with a project

54
Q

Three ways rural communities have been successful?

A
  • more homeworking and micro start ups
  • higher value food leisure and tourism
  • 2008 economic crisis had less of an impact and less employment
55
Q

Rural area - Lowbridge end farm, the Lake District

A
  • 2015, previous flooding
  • Relies on educational visits, tearooms, weather and local produce
  • Began diversifying - creating fresh income streams out of their cluster of ancient buildings.
56
Q

What are 4 rural rebranding strategies

A
  • Adding value locally
  • rural tourism
  • environmental farm schemes
  • renting buildings
57
Q

Name 3 environmental farm schemes

A
  • Dunham
  • Glastonbury
  • Lowbridge end farm, Lake District
58
Q

Name 2 key factors that impact lived experience

A
  • Membership
  • Influence
59
Q

What does level of engagement depend on?

A
  • Age
  • Length of residence
  • Level of deprivation
  • Gender
  • Ethnicity
60
Q

Identity has become more important because of…

A
  • Globalisation
  • Political devolution
  • Increase in economic migrants and refugees
  • Global terrorism
  • Impacts on consumer culture
61
Q

What is social polarisation

A

Process whereby segregation within a community grows due to income inequality and economic restructuring

62
Q

What factors impact lived experience and engagement

A

WAGERS - Wealth Age Gender Ethnicity Residence time Sexuality

63
Q

Percentage voting in Rusholme compared with Altrincham in general elections and why

A

Rusholme - 25% higher student pop. etchnic minorities disengaged not represented in parliament
Altrnicham - 75%

64
Q

3 examples of how government’s play a key role in regeneration

A
  • SEZs
  • invest in infrastructure addressing issues of accessibility
  • London Docklands growing parternship between gov and private investors
65
Q

Name 4/7 factors affecting regeneration policy

A
  • Location
  • Legacy of the past - social, economic, physical
  • Politics of local area
  • External factors e.g. global economy
  • Legacy of past - regeneration policy
  • Degree of money needed e.g. commonwealth games in mcr
  • Quality of the bid to the government or private finance to get investment
66
Q

Name 3 aspects of the role of government planning

A
  • Planning laws
  • Planning for fracking
  • Planning for housing needs
67
Q

Name 3 government policies

A
  • Local enterprise partnerships, brought private sector investment and helped business
  • City deals, encouraged local authorities to develop and cooperate
  • Coalfields regeneration trust and coastal communities funding
68
Q

Name 6/8 urban strategies

A
  • Technology led enterprise
  • Specialist areas
  • Encouragement of reurbanisation
  • improve public transport
  • Themed events
  • Improvements of retailing
  • Creation of sustainable cities
  • Attract investment through sport, art or culture.
69
Q

Name 6/9 rural strategies

A
  • Traditional foods
  • Heritage tourism
  • Arts and media projects
  • On farm tourism
  • Rural industry
  • Development of rural energy
  • Farming organic crops
  • Off farm diversification
  • Food town specialist markets
70
Q

Who are the 6 stakeholders in any regeneration scheme

A
  • locals
  • companies
  • builders
  • local gov
  • national gov
  • banks/ funding
71
Q

Name3 national level of regeneration schemes and projects

A

HS2 infrastructure responsible for bringing together supply chains

National government energy plans - fracking

Airports - Manchesters second runway, Heathrow’s 4th terminal

72
Q

Regional level of regeneration schemes and projects

A

Media city - countries first media city, catalyst to raise Salford development, BBC, ITV, Salford uni, good links aiding business

73
Q

4/6 ways media city has rebranded

A
  • encouragement of reurbanisation
  • specialist area
  • improve public transport
  • improve retailing
  • attract investment through culture
  • tech led enterprise
74
Q

What three things is rebranding about?

A

-Reputation
- Spirit
- Identity

75
Q

What is the difference between rebranding and regeneration

A

Rebranding - change of image through development of marketing strategy

Regeneration - practical, physical change on ground

76
Q

4 examples of places that have been rebranded

A
  • Liverpool capital of culture
  • London docklands
  • Manchester Salford quays
  • Altrincham old market town to new vibrant eating areas
77
Q

Why is rebranding important

A

To improve and change a perception of an area - v important

78
Q

Four focuses of rebranding

A

Political focus, Economic focus, Environmental focus, Social focus

79
Q

Name 3/5 reasons that you rebrand

A
  • spiral of decline
  • lack of employment
  • poor image to outside world
  • local depopulation
  • high levels of deprivation
80
Q

What are the three measures for success

A
  • Economic - employment, income, poverty
  • Demographic - immigration, age structure
  • Social - reduction in inequalities and IMD
81
Q

Why is success objective?

A

Because one person’s success is another person’s failure - GOOD EVALUATION POINT IN ESSAYS

82
Q

Regeneration aims to tackle local environment providing the area with better

A

Transport links, green spaces, retail space, parks and public areas.

83
Q

Example of a rural area in Lake District that has regenerated

A

Grasmere

84
Q

What are the different ways Grasmere has successfully rebranded

A
  • organic links - Herdwick sheep
  • outdoor sports
  • heritage and social history attracting tourists - Wordsworth
  • craft shops
  • traditional foods - gingerbread
  • location - walking
  • farm diversification - camping, petting zoos etc.
85
Q

Rural regeneration stakeholders

A

Farmers, tourists, parish councils, local residents, local businesses

86
Q

Name 4/9 rural regeneration strategies

A
  • traditional foods
  • heritage tourism
  • arts and media projects
  • on farm tourism
  • rural industry
  • development of rural energy
  • farming organic crops
  • off farm diversification
  • food town and specialist markets
87
Q

Name three small regeneration projects in Cornwall

A
  • The Eden Project
  • Two Rivers Housing
  • Spaceport, Newquay

Geography A Level🌏 (22 decks)

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