Regeneration Flashcards
Name 4 sectors and explain them
Primary - production , Secondary - manufacturing , Tertiary - service jobs, Quaternary - knowledge and business sector
Describe Manchester during Victorian era
- Industrial - cotton
- Slums, struggling for survival in conditions
- life expectancy 29 years
What evidence is there for an increasing north-south divide?
- Wages
- House prices
- Jobs
- Education
- Health
- Government investment
Explain the Northern Powerhouse Scheme
A national policy from the Government in 2015 to enable trade and industrial connections ‘bringing the north together’ reducing travel to work times.
Cons of Northern Powerhouse Scheme
- too MCR centric
- Newcastle and Hull to far away from realistically being part of the scheme
- railway systems need upgrading
Why do we have international and global influences?
British empire created global connections leading to an increase in diversity within the country
Why do ethnic minorities tend to concentrate?
- infrastructure e.g. mosques
- old industrial towns offer cheaper housing
- different social structures and ideologies
- level of internal segregation
Why do places change?
Physical factors - location, environment, technology
Accessibility and connections - access, connections
Historical Development - post production era, competition for land, change in consumer trends, increased affluence, historical buildings
Local and national planning - national gov policies, conservation area policies, gov intervention
What is diaspora?
The diversion or spread of any people from their original homeland
Manchester and Identity
- Big cities become a melting pot of different people from different backgrounds
- LGBTQ+ community that Manchester caters for through the gay village
Issues with identity
- online shopping
- agricultural decline
- improvements in technology = more people working from home.
Rural Pressure and a two-tier economy being created…
Leads to new people moving in raising house prices. Locals can no longer afford housing so move away and commuters move in.
Altrincham - regeneration
Functional change in industry through retail change, commercial change and demographic change.
What is Gentrification
A change in social structure of a place usually where affluent people move in.
What is an example of gentrification?
The Northern Quarter or Salford Quays.
What is studentification?
Where students cluster in certain parts of town.
What are the three causes of demographic change?
Globalisation, Employment change and inward migration
Explain how globalisation creates demographic change
Manufactured good being produced more cheaply overseas, this affected manufacturing in London and elsewhere. E.g. Docklands has had the chance to redevelop into affluent place. E.g. Rusholme migration and globalisation = food and religion and culture
Explain how inward migration creates demographic change
A growing economy and ageing population = need for overseas migrants to work, creating new identities e.g. Jewish population in MCR, Pakistani population in curry mile, Chinese population in China town, Altrincham - wealthy migrants move in.
Explain how employment change creates demographic change
Old - new economy = increase in quaternary sector jobs and decrease in primary sector e.g. mills and factory workers to technical assistance. Altrincham salaries increase 9% yearly due to regeneration.
Role of planning by National Governments three e.g.s
- 1990s policy to increase no. of students impacted many towns
- 1980s Privatisation began, more partnerships with private investors
- 1960s/70s council housing
3 post production transition consequences
Rural areas no longer rely on farming or mining so need to find new ways of work etc.
Change in consumer trends
Increased competition and consumer demands for retail and commercial functions
Altrincham issues
- ‘Ghost town’
- Vacancy rates as high as 30%
- poor public services
Altrincham Forward 2011 plan
To increase footfall dwell time and spend creating a modern market town.
Success in Altrincham?
- Footfall increased 11.4% since 2015
- Vacancy rate decreased to 7.3%
- Transport interchange and other public realm improvements
Lessons learnt from success in Altrincham
- Councils should play a strong leadership role
- All sectors should be engaged
- Improving public realm = v. important.
- Importance of an USP - Altrincham Market
Name 4 stakeholders in Altrincham and explain
- Trafford Council - fund and set up regeneration
- Altrincham Forward - Day to day planning and overseeing project
- Local business - commitment to town and helped to develop and diversify
- Local residents - consulted informed and part of decision making process.
Name 4 key methods in measuring change
- Land use change
- Employment trends
- Demographic Change
- Levels of Deprivation
What does IMD stand for?
Index of Multiple Deprivation
Name 4/7 IMD factors
- Income deprivation
- Employment deprivation
- Education skills and training deprivation
- Health and Disability deprivation
- Crime
- Living environment
- Barriers to housing and services
Why is perception important?
It is a vital part of lived experience, perception can impact quality of life how people interact with each other and the impacts on community.
How can success be measure in urban places?
- High levels of employment
- Inward migration
- Quality of life
- Low levels of deprivation
What are two prime examples of successful regeneration?
London Docklands and Altrincham
before regeneration
Issues with London Docklands
- Unemployment rose due to closer of docks in late 60s
- Derelict Riverland - what should local authorities do with it
- 25% jobs lost, locals left
Developing the Old Docks
- London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) established by conservative gov in 1981
- Most of area designated an ‘Enterprise Zone’
- LDDC mission to attract private investment to achieve this they were given public funding
- ‘Docklands’ is now a recognised brand and a desirable place to live.
London Docklands and transport
- Docklands Light Railway (DLR) built
- Canary Wharf joined to the London Underground network when Jubilee line was extended
- new transport links have encouraged commercial tenants
Name the 6 stakeholders of Docklands Regeneration process and explain impact.
- Conservative gov - LDCC major planning powers and public funding
- DLR - enabled access and developed new routes
- Olympia and York (property company)
- Banks - important to fund dev.
- TNCs - move into area of Barclays/HSBC helping it to become financial capital of Europe
- Individuals - homes being demolished and moving out but some benefit
What does perception change with?
- Younger people
- Gender
- Wealth
- Sexuality
- Retirees
What are sink estates?
Gov. policy led to the segregation of lower income groups. Were built to improve conditions however not successful.
Example of a sink estate
Broadwater Farm - London
What is a gated community?
Exist in regenerated areas where heavily protected areas exist within areas of deprivation. Protecting incomers from perceived threat of residents.
Example of a gated community
London Docklands, Northern Quarter, previously Victoria Park
Name 3/4 issues with gated communities
- encourage urban social segregation
- their presence can reduce property value in non gated surrounding neighbourhoods
- stimulate tensions socially between inside and outside
- consolidate otherness as dangerous.
Example of a Commuter Village
Great Budworth, Wilmslow, Prestbury
Name 3 facts about Commuter Villages
- fast population growth despite economic downturn e.g. covid and 2008
- ‘wealth corridors’ have developed high speed rail inks and motorways e.g. alderly edge
- Spend less in the village they live in - need for regeneration
Name 3 issues with Commuter Villages
- Original population can often get pushed out
- High affluence
- Young adults tend to leave due to lack of opps
- Often rely on low paid work, struggle to afford housing
4 reasons with examples for deindustrialised areas to decline
- Shipbuilding e.g. Middlesborough
- Steelmaking e.g. Sheffield
- Coal mining e.g. Yorkshire
- Farming e.g. Wales
What was the Rust Belt USA famous for?
Steel and Car production
Why did Rust Belt fall into economic decline?
Due to automation, global shit and increase in free trade. Trump also but tariffs on steel from China, so China produced their own leading to loss of trade.
Now it is characterised by derelict land and buildings.
What two ways in engagement measured in?
- National and Local election turn out
- Development and support for local community groups
How many eligible voters were not registered in 2015?
7.5 million
Why are there low election turn outs?
Due to lack of representation in government - ethnic, poor and youth
Lack of accessibility
Uneducated
Why are community groups important?
-They can help and hinder development
- Engaged in a scheme, promoting success
- Beneficial when on board with a project
Three ways rural communities have been successful?
- more homeworking and micro start ups
- higher value food leisure and tourism
- 2008 economic crisis had less of an impact and less employment
Rural area - Lowbridge end farm, the Lake District
- 2015, previous flooding
- Relies on educational visits, tearooms, weather and local produce
- Began diversifying - creating fresh income streams out of their cluster of ancient buildings.
What are 4 rural rebranding strategies
- Adding value locally
- rural tourism
- environmental farm schemes
- renting buildings
Name 3 environmental farm schemes
- Dunham
- Glastonbury
- Lowbridge end farm, Lake District
Name 2 key factors that impact lived experience
- Membership
- Influence
What does level of engagement depend on?
- Age
- Length of residence
- Level of deprivation
- Gender
- Ethnicity
Identity has become more important because of…
- Globalisation
- Political devolution
- Increase in economic migrants and refugees
- Global terrorism
- Impacts on consumer culture
What is social polarisation
Process whereby segregation within a community grows due to income inequality and economic restructuring
What factors impact lived experience and engagement
WAGERS - Wealth Age Gender Ethnicity Residence time Sexuality
Percentage voting in Rusholme compared with Altrincham in general elections and why
Rusholme - 25% higher student pop. etchnic minorities disengaged not represented in parliament
Altrnicham - 75%
3 examples of how government’s play a key role in regeneration
- SEZs
- invest in infrastructure addressing issues of accessibility
- London Docklands growing parternship between gov and private investors
Name 4/7 factors affecting regeneration policy
- Location
- Legacy of the past - social, economic, physical
- Politics of local area
- External factors e.g. global economy
- Legacy of past - regeneration policy
- Degree of money needed e.g. commonwealth games in mcr
- Quality of the bid to the government or private finance to get investment
Name 3 aspects of the role of government planning
- Planning laws
- Planning for fracking
- Planning for housing needs
Name 3 government policies
- Local enterprise partnerships, brought private sector investment and helped business
- City deals, encouraged local authorities to develop and cooperate
- Coalfields regeneration trust and coastal communities funding
Name 6/8 urban strategies
- Technology led enterprise
- Specialist areas
- Encouragement of reurbanisation
- improve public transport
- Themed events
- Improvements of retailing
- Creation of sustainable cities
- Attract investment through sport, art or culture.
Name 6/9 rural strategies
- Traditional foods
- Heritage tourism
- Arts and media projects
- On farm tourism
- Rural industry
- Development of rural energy
- Farming organic crops
- Off farm diversification
- Food town specialist markets
Who are the 6 stakeholders in any regeneration scheme
- locals
- companies
- builders
- local gov
- national gov
- banks/ funding
Name3 national level of regeneration schemes and projects
HS2 infrastructure responsible for bringing together supply chains
National government energy plans - fracking
Airports - Manchesters second runway, Heathrow’s 4th terminal
Regional level of regeneration schemes and projects
Media city - countries first media city, catalyst to raise Salford development, BBC, ITV, Salford uni, good links aiding business
4/6 ways media city has rebranded
- encouragement of reurbanisation
- specialist area
- improve public transport
- improve retailing
- attract investment through culture
- tech led enterprise
What three things is rebranding about?
-Reputation
- Spirit
- Identity
What is the difference between rebranding and regeneration
Rebranding - change of image through development of marketing strategy
Regeneration - practical, physical change on ground
4 examples of places that have been rebranded
- Liverpool capital of culture
- London docklands
- Manchester Salford quays
- Altrincham old market town to new vibrant eating areas
Why is rebranding important
To improve and change a perception of an area - v important
Four focuses of rebranding
Political focus, Economic focus, Environmental focus, Social focus
Name 3/5 reasons that you rebrand
- spiral of decline
- lack of employment
- poor image to outside world
- local depopulation
- high levels of deprivation
What are the three measures for success
- Economic - employment, income, poverty
- Demographic - immigration, age structure
- Social - reduction in inequalities and IMD
Why is success objective?
Because one person’s success is another person’s failure - GOOD EVALUATION POINT IN ESSAYS
Regeneration aims to tackle local environment providing the area with better
Transport links, green spaces, retail space, parks and public areas.
Example of a rural area in Lake District that has regenerated
Grasmere
What are the different ways Grasmere has successfully rebranded
- organic links - Herdwick sheep
- outdoor sports
- heritage and social history attracting tourists - Wordsworth
- craft shops
- traditional foods - gingerbread
- location - walking
- farm diversification - camping, petting zoos etc.
Rural regeneration stakeholders
Farmers, tourists, parish councils, local residents, local businesses
Name 4/9 rural regeneration strategies
- traditional foods
- heritage tourism
- arts and media projects
- on farm tourism
- rural industry
- development of rural energy
- farming organic crops
- off farm diversification
- food town and specialist markets
Name three small regeneration projects in Cornwall
- The Eden Project
- Two Rivers Housing
- Spaceport, Newquay
