Carbon cycle and energy security enq 2 Flashcards
What three factors can affect energy consumption
- energy availability
- affordability
- cultural preferences
What are 4/6 sources of demand for energy
- domestic
- heating
- electricity
- transportation
- industry
- farming
What measures energy security
the energy security index
What three things does the energy security index take into account when calculating risk
- availability
- diversity (range of sources)
- intensity
What are the four levels of risk with the ESI (Energy security index) plus examples of each risk
- extreme risk - e.g. ESI Less than 2.5 - SK and Northern S.America
- high risk - e.g. ESI 2.5-5.0 - Japan
- medium risk - e.g. 5-7 - UK, Australia, Europe
- low risk - >7.5 - Canada, Russia, Norway and stable Middle East countries that are producers and exporters of gas and oil
What is the difference in the US 2009 reliance on fossil fuels and China’s reliance on fossil fuels 2009
US - 83%
China - 93%
What is the difference in the US 2021 reliance on fossils fuels and China’s reliance on fossil fuels 2021
andwhich has made better progress from 1990 figures
US - 79%
China - 83%
china better progress -10% vs US -4%
What are the characteristics of risk
- high/extreme risk
- low risk (2 points)
- medium risk
- heavy importers of oil and gas
- countries with substantial reserves = low levels regardless of consumption e.g. Saudi
- low levels of risk = low consumption e.g. Ethiopia
- medium risk in medium sized developed countries because of the diversity of energy sources used
What kind of risks are there to disruption plus examples (4)
- extreme demand .eg. Californian black outs
- energy infrastructure e.g. impact of natural disasters such as Fukushima
- terrorism and effects on supply e.g. Somalia 2000
- war impacting price and strikes e.g. Russia Ukraine
What was the two impacts of the oil crisis 1973
- increased inflation
- job loss
What is the word energy trilemma index and what does it include
ENERGY SECURITY, a nations capacity to meet current and future energy demands
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, the transition of a country’s energy system
ENERGY EQUITY, the ability to provide affordable energy that is universally accessible
What is peak oil
the point when maximum rate of global oil production is reached
these declining supplies will increase the cost of oil
unpredictability of actions of OPEC and Russia as Trump is a liability
What are the 7/8 different points which can help predict Global energy uncertainty. KEY CONCEPT
- emerging economies demand
- future performance of global economy
- possible contribution of unconventional oil sources
- the scale of population growth
- impact of rising living standards
- scale of switches to renewables
- the size of undiscovered reserves
- discovery of new energy technologies
What are our three responses to increasing demands
- Business as usual - carrying on, not impacting economy in short term
- A multi energy solution - infrastructure investment and variety of renewables and recyclables
- Energy conservation - variety pf techniques to completely reduce sue
How can we meet energy needs with different methods 6/9
- green taxes and subsidies
- radical new technology
- offshore wind turbines
- education
- solar
- biofuels
- policies on sustainability
- geothermal energy
- nuclear
Define primary energy
All energy products not transformed directly exploited or imported can be renewable or non-renewable - natural e.g. crude oil, coal
Define secondary energy
Derived from the transformation of conversion of primary sources usually more convenient e.g. electricity
What is an energy mix
The energy mix is the combination of different energy sources used to meet a country’s total energy consumption.
Name 5/8 energy related issues
- gas explosions
- acid rain
- fracking
- smog
- oil leaks
- chernobyl
- war
- foreign supply sources
Why do energy mixes vary between countries 6/8
- technology infrastructure
- the demand and supply ratio
- physical topography
- env laws and regs
- affordability
- access/availability
- geopolitics, connections with other countries
- political ideology
Why may UK energy insecurity increase (5)
- as domestic oil and gas production have peaked
- nuclear power plants being decommissioned
- demand rising
- large coal reserves unattractive alternative
- increased reliance on imported gas raises the risk if supply is disrupted
What is the inland energy consumption change from 1990 - 2022
- % coal
- % gas
- % biomass
what does this highlight
- 1990
31% coal
24% gas
0.3% biomass - 2022
3% coal
39% gas
10.7% biomass
MORE ENERGY SECURE
What are two possible points about the future supply uncertainties
- non renewables may ‘peak’ and the price would be high after this peak
- renewable sources are often limited by physical geography - wind, HEP, geothermal, solar
What are the pressing environmental concerns about the potential for renewable energy
AND WHY ISN’T THIS ACHIEVABLE
The amount of power that can be accessed with current technologies is 5.9 times the global demand for power. - Sun provides 3.8 times global demand
This requires a world integrated energy system which is UNACHIEVABLE due to self interest and profit.
What are 5/9 ways we can meet our global challenge of energy demand
green tax and subsidies
radical new tech
off shore wind turbines
education
solar
biofuels
sustainable policies
geo thermal energy
nuclear
Trade in oil things to remember (2)
give examples
- dominance of Middle East and Russia and the decline of europe
- the complex players and pathways e.g. opec, tncs, govt
- ME 14 mil barrels a day
what % of global oil does Saudi produce
13%
who did us overtake as the biggest gas producer in 2022
QATAR
Trade in gas things to remember (5)
- demand is increasing 2.7% yearly
- transportable through liquified petroleum gas, tend to be regional transportation
- better for env
- 2nd biggest energy producer
- 21% share in global energy mix.
Trade in coal things to remember (2)
- uk, france, Belgium = end of deep mining production after 1950s clean air act
- industrialising countries still use it due to lack of env agreements and regs
what percentage is china of the global coal consumption
52%
who are the top 3 coal producing countries and why
china, india indonesia as they are all developing and following the same trend of industrialisation as the west
CASE STUDY, RUSSIA GAZPROM AND EU GAS SUPPLY PROBLEM (3)
- Russia cut gas supplies to Ukraine on new years as on midnight of 31 dec. they failed to agree a renewed gas supply contract.
- the NABUCCO PIPELINE is suggested to avoid reliance on Russia to the Caspian Sea, however this has been cancelled
- russia as constructed a pipeline to supply china and Japan, top asian supplier, this has doubled Russian supply to china and Japan.
what are 4 reasons as to why coal has declined in uk
- remains deposits are too deep to mine economically
- most deep coals contains too many impurities e.g. sulphur
- labour costs too high, imported from SA where labour is cheaper
- govt policy - thatcher winding down coal industry 1980s
what are the life spans of oil, natural gas and coal at present?
oil - 2052
ng - 2075
coal - 2075
What are the three types of unconventional fuels
oil shale
tar sands
shale gas
CASE STUDY ALBERTA CANADA, TAR SANDS (4)
- has 175 bil barrels, huge potential
- intensive process has polluted rivers and converted farmland to wasteland
- large areas of boreal forest deforested for development
- fasting growing source of GHG in Canada
oil shale important info (4) - Econ, env
- more expensive and energy intensive than conventional oil recovery
- large carbon footprint
- large amounts of water being used, same as tar sands
- increased waste as shale must be disposed once oil extracted
Tar Sands important info (4) - env, soc, econ, water
- creates 3x ghgof conventional oil fuel due to energy taken to extract and process tar sand
- can be linked to respiratory sickness and cancer
- price for crude oil are rising thus making tar sands production in us commercially sought after
- in order to extract one barrel of oil = three barrels of water - impacts water security
CASE STUDY, BRAZIL DEEP WATER OIL - (4)
- china aided them to drill for deep water in 2006
- 13% brazils electricity generated from fossil fuelled, this oil helps increase energy security and job opportunities and underpin e their GDP
- drilling is difficult through rock salt = high costs
- spills can = env concerns
What are the 7 alternatives to fossil fuels - 5 renewables, 2 recyclables
solar, wind, HEP, ocean energy, geothermal
nuclear, biofuels
true or false, THE TECHNICAL POTENTIAL FOR RENEWABLES IS 20X GREATER THAN CURRENT DEMAND
TRUEEEEE
nuclear power issues (5)
- power plant accident s
- waste and storage disposal which has SEEP costs
- rogue states could use fuels for weapons
- high construction costs
- increase of health risks - cancer
nuclear power facts/ pros (3)
- VERY energy intensive
- they provide 15% of world electricity
- are reliable and continuous form of energy
examples of nuclear power plant accidents
Chernobyl 1986, Fukushima 2011
what % of us power is nuclear
20%
wind energy facts (2)
- has quadrupled in last ten years
- is cheaper infrastructure
top 2 wind energy users
china, usa
biofuels cons (2)
- impacts food supply
- carbon neutrality is questionable due to processing, combustion, transportation and impacts on soils
bio fuels facts/ pros (2)
- increasing use globally
- can provide jobs in dev countries
CASE STUDY - BIOFUELS IN BRAZIL (4)
- sugar cane used for ethanol to help contribute to powering cars
- accounts for 16% domestic energy
- 1.4 mil direct jobs
- more efficient electricity can be produced as a by product contributing 7% to Brazil’s electricity need
HEP facts/pros (4)
- generated by transforming the energy from moving water to electricity
- large dams and steep rivers can facilitate their generation
- they are dictated by geography, geology and climate
- larger rivers = larger potential
HEP cons
- can lead to flooding which has SEEP costs
local example of HEP
tidal energy in the mersey estuary
Geothermal energy facts/pros (2)
- dependent on plate boundaries
- don’t necessarily need expensive infrastructure e.g. gateshead old coal mine
Geothermal cons
- efficiency dependent on proximity to plate boundaries or faults
geothermal example
gateshead old coal mine where the shafts tend to flood the water is warmer and generally hotter as a result of geothermal energy from the earths crust. This can then provide cleaner energy for homes and has kept 350 homes warm without burning a single lump of coal
what stops us from becoming a renewable energy based world 5/9
- economic growth
- lack of understanding of climate change
- different political agenda
- lobbying of oil companies
- some countries lack access due to geography
- industrialisation is a trusted way for development
- trade and investment barriers
- nimbyism of locals
- having the political will to change
CASE STUDY - COSTA RICA’S CLEANER ENERGY MIX
- 2015 costa ricas green power generation was 98%
- they lauded a wide plan to decarbonise by 2050
- new plan aims to modernise public transport
- still relies of ffs for transport and heating
- 52% reliance on wind and solar energy
- 2022 domestic energy production includes hydro, wind, solar, biofuels and waste
CASE STUDY - KENYA’S CLEANER ENERGY MIX
- 2018, 77% green mix vs 2022, 93%
- major capacity for HEP and geothermal due to physical factors
- the development of renewables = increase of people who access electricity
- set up Africas largest wind farm, connected to the grid in 2019, se two provide 20% of countries installed electricity capacity
how could renewable energy work and be effective
through global energy agreements and cooperation
