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Geography A Level🌏 > Carbon cycle and energy security enq 2 > Flashcards

Carbon cycle and energy security enq 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What three factors can affect energy consumption

A
  • energy availability
  • affordability
  • cultural preferences
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2
Q

What are 4/6 sources of demand for energy

A
  • domestic
  • heating
  • electricity
  • transportation
  • industry
  • farming
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3
Q

What measures energy security

A

the energy security index

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4
Q

What three things does the energy security index take into account when calculating risk

A
  • availability
  • diversity (range of sources)
  • intensity
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5
Q

What are the four levels of risk with the ESI (Energy security index) plus examples of each risk

A
  • extreme risk - e.g. ESI Less than 2.5 - SK and Northern S.America
  • high risk - e.g. ESI 2.5-5.0 - Japan
  • medium risk - e.g. 5-7 - UK, Australia, Europe
  • low risk - >7.5 - Canada, Russia, Norway and stable Middle East countries that are producers and exporters of gas and oil
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6
Q

What is the difference in the US 2009 reliance on fossil fuels and China’s reliance on fossil fuels 2009

A

US - 83%
China - 93%

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7
Q

What is the difference in the US 2021 reliance on fossils fuels and China’s reliance on fossil fuels 2021

andwhich has made better progress from 1990 figures

A

US - 79%
China - 83%

china better progress -10% vs US -4%

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of risk
- high/extreme risk
- low risk (2 points)
- medium risk

A
  • heavy importers of oil and gas
  • countries with substantial reserves = low levels regardless of consumption e.g. Saudi
  • low levels of risk = low consumption e.g. Ethiopia
  • medium risk in medium sized developed countries because of the diversity of energy sources used
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9
Q

What kind of risks are there to disruption plus examples (4)

A
  • extreme demand .eg. Californian black outs
  • energy infrastructure e.g. impact of natural disasters such as Fukushima
  • terrorism and effects on supply e.g. Somalia 2000
  • war impacting price and strikes e.g. Russia Ukraine
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10
Q

What was the two impacts of the oil crisis 1973

A
  • increased inflation
  • job loss
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11
Q

What is the word energy trilemma index and what does it include

A

ENERGY SECURITY, a nations capacity to meet current and future energy demands
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, the transition of a country’s energy system
ENERGY EQUITY, the ability to provide affordable energy that is universally accessible

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12
Q

What is peak oil

A

the point when maximum rate of global oil production is reached

these declining supplies will increase the cost of oil

unpredictability of actions of OPEC and Russia as Trump is a liability

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13
Q

What are the 7/8 different points which can help predict Global energy uncertainty. KEY CONCEPT

A
  • emerging economies demand
  • future performance of global economy
  • possible contribution of unconventional oil sources
  • the scale of population growth
  • impact of rising living standards
  • scale of switches to renewables
  • the size of undiscovered reserves
  • discovery of new energy technologies
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14
Q

What are our three responses to increasing demands

A
  • Business as usual - carrying on, not impacting economy in short term
  • A multi energy solution - infrastructure investment and variety of renewables and recyclables
  • Energy conservation - variety pf techniques to completely reduce sue
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15
Q

How can we meet energy needs with different methods 6/9

A
  • green taxes and subsidies
  • radical new technology
  • offshore wind turbines
  • education
  • solar
  • biofuels
  • policies on sustainability
  • geothermal energy
  • nuclear
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16
Q

Define primary energy

A

All energy products not transformed directly exploited or imported can be renewable or non-renewable - natural e.g. crude oil, coal

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17
Q

Define secondary energy

A

Derived from the transformation of conversion of primary sources usually more convenient e.g. electricity

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18
Q

What is an energy mix

A

The energy mix is the combination of different energy sources used to meet a country’s total energy consumption.

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19
Q

Name 5/8 energy related issues

A
  • gas explosions
  • acid rain
  • fracking
  • smog
  • oil leaks
  • chernobyl
  • war
  • foreign supply sources
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20
Q

Why do energy mixes vary between countries 6/8

A
  • technology infrastructure
  • the demand and supply ratio
  • physical topography
  • env laws and regs
  • affordability
  • access/availability
  • geopolitics, connections with other countries
  • political ideology
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21
Q

Why may UK energy insecurity increase (5)

A
  • as domestic oil and gas production have peaked
  • nuclear power plants being decommissioned
  • demand rising
  • large coal reserves unattractive alternative
  • increased reliance on imported gas raises the risk if supply is disrupted
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22
Q

What is the inland energy consumption change from 1990 - 2022
- % coal
- % gas
- % biomass
what does this highlight

A
  • 1990
    31% coal
    24% gas
    0.3% biomass
  • 2022
    3% coal
    39% gas
    10.7% biomass

MORE ENERGY SECURE

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23
Q

What are two possible points about the future supply uncertainties

A
  • non renewables may ‘peak’ and the price would be high after this peak
  • renewable sources are often limited by physical geography - wind, HEP, geothermal, solar
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24
Q

What are the pressing environmental concerns about the potential for renewable energy
AND WHY ISN’T THIS ACHIEVABLE

A

The amount of power that can be accessed with current technologies is 5.9 times the global demand for power. - Sun provides 3.8 times global demand

This requires a world integrated energy system which is UNACHIEVABLE due to self interest and profit.

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25
Q

What are 5/9 ways we can meet our global challenge of energy demand

A

green tax and subsidies
radical new tech
off shore wind turbines
education
solar
biofuels
sustainable policies
geo thermal energy
nuclear

26
Q

Trade in oil things to remember (2)
give examples

A
  • dominance of Middle East and Russia and the decline of europe
  • the complex players and pathways e.g. opec, tncs, govt
  • ME 14 mil barrels a day
27
Q

what % of global oil does Saudi produce

A

13%

28
Q

who did us overtake as the biggest gas producer in 2022

A

QATAR

28
Q

Trade in gas things to remember (5)

A
  • demand is increasing 2.7% yearly
  • transportable through liquified petroleum gas, tend to be regional transportation
  • better for env
  • 2nd biggest energy producer
  • 21% share in global energy mix.
29
Q

Trade in coal things to remember (2)

A
  • uk, france, Belgium = end of deep mining production after 1950s clean air act
  • industrialising countries still use it due to lack of env agreements and regs
30
Q

what percentage is china of the global coal consumption

A

52%

31
Q

who are the top 3 coal producing countries and why

A

china, india indonesia as they are all developing and following the same trend of industrialisation as the west

32
Q

CASE STUDY, RUSSIA GAZPROM AND EU GAS SUPPLY PROBLEM (3)

A
  • Russia cut gas supplies to Ukraine on new years as on midnight of 31 dec. they failed to agree a renewed gas supply contract.
  • the NABUCCO PIPELINE is suggested to avoid reliance on Russia to the Caspian Sea, however this has been cancelled
  • russia as constructed a pipeline to supply china and Japan, top asian supplier, this has doubled Russian supply to china and Japan.
32
Q

what are 4 reasons as to why coal has declined in uk

A
  • remains deposits are too deep to mine economically
  • most deep coals contains too many impurities e.g. sulphur
  • labour costs too high, imported from SA where labour is cheaper
  • govt policy - thatcher winding down coal industry 1980s
33
Q

what are the life spans of oil, natural gas and coal at present?

A

oil - 2052
ng - 2075
coal - 2075

34
Q

What are the three types of unconventional fuels

A

oil shale
tar sands
shale gas

35
Q

CASE STUDY ALBERTA CANADA, TAR SANDS (4)

A
  • has 175 bil barrels, huge potential
  • intensive process has polluted rivers and converted farmland to wasteland
  • large areas of boreal forest deforested for development
  • fasting growing source of GHG in Canada
36
Q

oil shale important info (4) - Econ, env

A
  • more expensive and energy intensive than conventional oil recovery
  • large carbon footprint
  • large amounts of water being used, same as tar sands
  • increased waste as shale must be disposed once oil extracted
36
Q

Tar Sands important info (4) - env, soc, econ, water

A
  • creates 3x ghgof conventional oil fuel due to energy taken to extract and process tar sand
  • can be linked to respiratory sickness and cancer
  • price for crude oil are rising thus making tar sands production in us commercially sought after
  • in order to extract one barrel of oil = three barrels of water - impacts water security
37
Q

CASE STUDY, BRAZIL DEEP WATER OIL - (4)

A
  • china aided them to drill for deep water in 2006
  • 13% brazils electricity generated from fossil fuelled, this oil helps increase energy security and job opportunities and underpin e their GDP
  • drilling is difficult through rock salt = high costs
  • spills can = env concerns
38
Q

What are the 7 alternatives to fossil fuels - 5 renewables, 2 recyclables

A

solar, wind, HEP, ocean energy, geothermal
nuclear, biofuels

39
Q

true or false, THE TECHNICAL POTENTIAL FOR RENEWABLES IS 20X GREATER THAN CURRENT DEMAND

A

TRUEEEEE

40
Q

nuclear power issues (5)

A
  • power plant accident s
  • waste and storage disposal which has SEEP costs
  • rogue states could use fuels for weapons
  • high construction costs
  • increase of health risks - cancer
41
Q

nuclear power facts/ pros (3)

A
  • VERY energy intensive
  • they provide 15% of world electricity
  • are reliable and continuous form of energy
42
Q

examples of nuclear power plant accidents

A

Chernobyl 1986, Fukushima 2011

43
Q

what % of us power is nuclear

A

20%

44
Q

wind energy facts (2)

A
  • has quadrupled in last ten years
  • is cheaper infrastructure
45
Q

top 2 wind energy users

A

china, usa

46
Q

biofuels cons (2)

A
  • impacts food supply
  • carbon neutrality is questionable due to processing, combustion, transportation and impacts on soils
47
Q

bio fuels facts/ pros (2)

A
  • increasing use globally
  • can provide jobs in dev countries
48
Q

CASE STUDY - BIOFUELS IN BRAZIL (4)

A
  • sugar cane used for ethanol to help contribute to powering cars
  • accounts for 16% domestic energy
  • 1.4 mil direct jobs
  • more efficient electricity can be produced as a by product contributing 7% to Brazil’s electricity need
49
Q

HEP facts/pros (4)

A
  • generated by transforming the energy from moving water to electricity
  • large dams and steep rivers can facilitate their generation
  • they are dictated by geography, geology and climate
  • larger rivers = larger potential
50
Q

HEP cons

A
  • can lead to flooding which has SEEP costs
51
Q

local example of HEP

A

tidal energy in the mersey estuary

52
Q

Geothermal energy facts/pros (2)

A
  • dependent on plate boundaries
  • don’t necessarily need expensive infrastructure e.g. gateshead old coal mine
53
Q

Geothermal cons

A
  • efficiency dependent on proximity to plate boundaries or faults
54
Q

geothermal example

A

gateshead old coal mine where the shafts tend to flood the water is warmer and generally hotter as a result of geothermal energy from the earths crust. This can then provide cleaner energy for homes and has kept 350 homes warm without burning a single lump of coal

55
Q

what stops us from becoming a renewable energy based world 5/9

A
  • economic growth
  • lack of understanding of climate change
  • different political agenda
  • lobbying of oil companies
  • some countries lack access due to geography
  • industrialisation is a trusted way for development
  • trade and investment barriers
  • nimbyism of locals
  • having the political will to change
56
Q

CASE STUDY - COSTA RICA’S CLEANER ENERGY MIX

A
  • 2015 costa ricas green power generation was 98%
  • they lauded a wide plan to decarbonise by 2050
  • new plan aims to modernise public transport
  • still relies of ffs for transport and heating
  • 52% reliance on wind and solar energy
  • 2022 domestic energy production includes hydro, wind, solar, biofuels and waste
57
Q

CASE STUDY - KENYA’S CLEANER ENERGY MIX

A
  • 2018, 77% green mix vs 2022, 93%
  • major capacity for HEP and geothermal due to physical factors
  • the development of renewables = increase of people who access electricity
  • set up Africas largest wind farm, connected to the grid in 2019, se two provide 20% of countries installed electricity capacity
58
Q

how could renewable energy work and be effective

A

through global energy agreements and cooperation

Geography A Level🌏 (22 decks)

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