Water, Electrolytes, and Hypertension

Question 1

Fluids make up ___% of the adult body weight, ___ of the weight in lean tissue is water and ___ in fat tissue is water

Answer 1

60/ 1/3

<1/4

Question 2

Functions of fluids:

Answer 2

nutrient absorption and transport, waste production, maintaining structure of large molecules, participating in metabolic reactions, a solvent, a lubricant, a shock absorber, aids in temperature regulation

Question 3

intracellular fluid is ___ the cell and extracellular (aka ___) is ___ the cell

Answer 3

inside/interstitial

outside

Question 4

fluid intake is regulated by the ___, decrease in ___=concentrated blood=increase in ___

Answer 4

hypothalamus

fluids/thirst

Question 5

dehydration causes…

Answer 5

thirst, weakness, exhaustion, delirium

Question 6

water intoxication causes…

Answer 6

confusion, convulsions, hyponatremia, death

Question 7

water sources:

Answer 7

beverages, food, metabolism

Question 8

water losses from the:

Answer 8

kidneys, skin, lungs, GI tract

Question 9

obligatory urine excretion is ___mL

Answer 9

500

Question 10

water intake (AI)

Answer 10

1-1.5mL/kcal/energy expenditure, AI=2.7L (women) and 3.7L (men)

Question 11

AI increases for:

Answer 11

pregnancy, lactation, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, excessive sweating, heavy exercise, elderly, air travel, hot temperatures

Question 12

causes for dehydration:

Answer 12

diarrhea, vomiting, fever, excessive sweating, unmanaged diabetes, laxatives, diuretics, inadequate intake

Question 13

Signs of dehydration at:

1-2%, 3-4%, 5-6%, and 7-10% body weight lost

Answer 13

1-2: thirst, fatigue, weakness, discomfort, appetite loss
3-4: impaired physical performance, dry mouth, reduced urine, flushing, impatience, apathy
5-6: difficulty concentration, headache, irritability, sleepiness, impaired temperature regulation, increased respiratory rate
7-10: dizziness, spastic muscles, loss of balance, delirium, exhaustion, collapse

Question 14

___ and ___ help maintain pH within a ___ range. Acidity of buffered by the ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 14

electrolytes/fluids/narrow

blood/kidneys/lungs

Question 15

How do the lungs buffer pH?

Answer 15

with CO2 and the respiration rate

Question 16

How do the kidneys buffer pH?

Answer 16

reabsorb/excrete bicarbonate

Question 17

How does the blood buffer pH?

Answer 17

by transporting PRO, bicarbonate, and carbonic acid

Question 18

H2O dissolves ___ and follows ___ because of …

Answer 18

salts/electrolytes

the uneven charge distribution creating partial negative and positive charges with forces of attraction

Question 19

electrolytes are the ___ and ___ from dissociated ___ which are responsible for …

Answer 19

anions/cations/salts

muscle contractions and carrying electrical impulses

Question 20

What kidney hormones are responsible for regulating H2O and Na excretion to adjust fluid volumes?

Answer 20

antidiuretic hormone, renin, angiotensin, and aldonsterone

Question 21

what does ADH do?

Answer 21

signals to retain H2O which also retains Na and excretes K

Question 22

what does aldosterone do?

Answer 22

signals to retain Na which also retains H2O and excretes K

Question 23

what does renin do?

Answer 23

helps angiotensinogen become angiotensin (functional)

Question 24

what does angiotensin to?

Answer 24

constricts blood vessels, stimulates release of ADH or aldosterone

Question 25

sodium

Answer 25

extracellular cation, helps maintain fluid balance, acid-base balance, nerve transmission, and muscle contractions

Question 26

potassium

Answer 26

intracellular cation, helps maintain fluid/electrolyte balance, cell integrity, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction

Question 27

AI/UL for sodium:

Answer 27

AI=1500mg/day UL=unknown

Question 28

AI/UL for potassium:

Answer 28

AI=3400mg/day (male) 2600mg/day (female) UL=unknown

Question 29

Good food sources of potassium:

Answer 29

broccoli, carrots, tomato juice, strawberries, squash, artichoke

Question 30

High levels of K in the blood can cause ___

Answer 30

cardiac arrest

Question 31

Roles of Mg

Answer 31

maintains bone health, energy metabolism/ATP production, inhibits muscle contraction and blood clotting, supports immune system function, critical to heart function

Question 32

Mg deficiency causes …

Answer 32

impairs CNS function, vessel wall constriction

Question 33

Mg UL:

Answer 33

350mg/day

Question 34

good food sources of Mg:

Answer 34

broccoli, tomato juice, pinto beans, tofu, halibut, cashews, artichoke

Question 35

Hypertension

Answer 35

high blood pressure, causes impaired vision, decreased sexual ability, kidney damage, heart attack, stroke, memory loss

Question 36

Risk factors for hypertension (modifiable and non-)

Answer 36

modifiable: 1st or 2nd hand smoking, weight, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, stress
non-modifiable: male, increased age, family history/genetics, ethnicity, stress

Question 37

physiological factors affecting blood pressure:

Answer 37

cardiac output, peripheral resistance, nervous system hormones

Question 38

diseases that increase risk of hypertension:

Answer 38

heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease, sleep apnea, obesity

Question 39

Treatment for hypertension:

Answer 39

DASH diet, monitor salt/sodium intake, physical activity, weight control, stress management, medication, moderate alcohol consumption