Gastrointestinal Tract

Question 1

Functions of the GI tract:

Answer 1

ingestion, mechanical processing, digestion, secretion, absorption, excretion, barrier, immunological, endocrine, neural, gut microbiome

Question 2

What does the upper GI tract include:

Answer 2

tongue, 6 salivary glands, pharynx, epiglottis, trachea, esophagus

Question 3

What is the propose of the epiglottis?

Answer 3

to close the trachea when eating to prevent food entering lunch

Question 4

Which is rigid, the trachea or the esophagus?

Answer 4

trachea

Question 5

What does the lower GI tract include?

Answer 5

stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum

Question 6

What are the parts of the small intestine?

Answer 6

duodenum, jejeunum, ileum

Question 7

What are the parts of the large intestine?

Answer 7

ascending, transverse, and descending colon

Question 8

The oral cavity, teeth, and tongue are responsible for ___ processing

Answer 8

mechanical

Question 9

the pharynx uses ___ ___ to transport food into the esophagus

Answer 9

muscular propulsion

Question 10

What is the name for the muscles between ribs?

Answer 10

intercostal

Question 11

The stomach is responsible for the ___ breakdown of food by ___ and ___, as well as ___ processing through muscular contractions

Answer 11

chemical/acid/enzymes/mechanical

Question 12

The small intestine ___ digests food, absorbs ___, ___, ___, and ___

Answer 12

enzymatically/water/ions/vitamins/organic substances

Question 13

The large intestine plays the same role as the ___

Answer 13

small intestine

Question 14

What is peristalsis?

Answer 14

contractions of the smooth, longitudinal, and arcular muscle to propel the bolus down the GI tract

Question 15

Is peristalsis voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 15

involuntary

Question 16

What is a bolus?

Answer 16

bunch of chewed food

Question 17

Cardiac sphincter:

Answer 17

between esophagus and stomach

Question 18

Stomach: stores ___ to delay/moderate ___, food is in the form of ___. Surface area is increased by ___ and ___

Answer 18

food/digestion/chyme/layers/folds

Question 19

What does gastric secretion do and where does it come from?

Answer 19

• increases peristalsis, HCl activates pepsinogen to pepsin which breaks down PRO
• the stomach

Question 20

What is intrinsic factor and how does it cause negative feedback?

Answer 20

• a glycoprotein

- when on is triggers the release of gastrin which releases HCl, the acidity is too high it stops the release of gastric

Question 21

What are the sphincters in the GI tract?

Answer 21

pyloric, anus, cardiac, ileocecal

Question 22

Mesentery: supports all ___ and attaches them to the ___ wall

Answer 22

tubes/abdominal

Question 23

Momentum: ___ tissue that stretches all over the ___

Answer 23

fatty/abdomen

Question 24

What is the role of the pancreas?

Answer 24

secretes pancreatic fluid (contains digestive enzymes for the macromolecules and bicarbonate to neutralize chyme)

Question 25

What is the role of the liver?

Answer 25

makes bile (emulsifier that prepares fats/oils for digestion)

Question 26

What is the role of the gallbladder?

Answer 26

stores bile until it needs to be secreted (fat consumption)

Question 27

What expand the surface area of the small intestine and why is it beneficial?

Answer 27

villi and microvilli, increased surface area = increased absorption

Question 28

What are epithelial cells made up of?

Answer 28

lymphatic vessels, veins, arteries, crypt glands, absorptive cells, goblet cells, and capillaries

Question 29

___ glands: secrete intestinal juices

___ cells: secrete mucus

Answer 29

crypt

goblet

Question 30

What do lymphatic vessels absorb?

Answer 30

microproteins

Question 31

the large intestine is specialized for absorbing ___, ___, and ___, had no ___ and is ___ instead

Answer 31

water/electrolytes/fibre/villi/layered

Question 32

Microbiome:

Answer 32

ecological community of microorganisms, plays a role in autoimmune diseases, obesity, and psychological conditions

Question 33

Probiotics:

Answer 33

microorganisms in diet that are beneficial

Question 34

Prebiotics:

Answer 34

food that isn’t digested that serves as food for bacteria in the colon, stimulates growth and activity of bacteria

Question 35

GERD:

Answer 35

gastro-esophageal reflux disease; can cause esophageal damage if chronic, lower esophageal sphincter is weakened and stomach acid can escape