Fat Soluble Vitamins and Antioxidants

Question 1

Vitamin K

Answer 1

• either phylloquinone (absorbed with dietary fats) or menaquinone (synthesized by colonic bacteria)
• functions: synthesizes blood clotting PRO (prothrombin), interferes with function of blood thinners, synthesizes bone PRO that binds minerals (osteocalcin)
• no UL

Question 2

Vitamin K deficiency:

Answer 2

• primary: causes hemorrhage

- secondary: causes fat malabsorption

Question 3

Best food sources of vitamin K:

Answer 3

cabbage, spinach, cauliflower, canola oil, soybeans, lettuce

Question 4

Antioxidants:

Answer 4

prevent free radical damage caused by oxidation, this damage is linked to cancer, CVD, cataracts, and decreased immune function and ageing

Question 5

Vitamin A

Answer 5

fat-soluble vitamin, either retinol (alcohol), retinal (aldehyde), or retinoic acid, regulates gene expression
beta-carotene is a precursor

Question 6

Vitamin A RDA:

UL:

Answer 6

900ugRAE (men) and 700ugRAE (women)

3000ugRAE

Question 7

Vitamin A deficiency:

Answer 7

causes blindness, death, impaired mucous membrane structure and function, xerophthalmia, keratomalacia, decreased cell division, night blindness, exhaustion

Question 8

good food sources of vitamin A

Answer 8

liver, mango, sweet potato, tomato juice, broccoli, carrots

Question 9

As light enters the eye the retinol cells convert image to electrical impulses, the cells of the retinol contain rhodopsin (composed of opsin and ___), when ___ changes to ___ the electrical impulses are triggered and sent to the brain

Answer 9

cis-retinal/cis-retinal/trans-retinal

Question 10

Functions of retinoic acid:

Answer 10

cell differentiation, immunity, growth

Question 11

vitamin A toxicity

Answer 11

cause malformations during pregnancy, death, liver failure, fractures, bone abnormalities, hemorrhages, hair loss, skin rashes

Question 12

Vitamin C

Answer 12

ascorbic acid, water soluble, functions as a collagen collectors, antioxidant, cofactor, and immune system aide

Question 13

Vitamin C deficiency

Answer 13

scurvy (physical and psychological changes followed by sudden death from massive internal bleeding)

Question 14

RDA:
UL:

Answer 14

at least 10mg/day

any more than 200mg/day is excreted

Question 15

Vitamin E

Answer 15

tocopherols (alpha in the body), functions as an antioxidant

Question 16

Good food sources of vitamin C

Answer 16

broccoli, strawberries, red pepper, kiwi, Brussels sprouts

Question 17

good food sources of vitamin E

Answer 17

vegetable oils and wheat germ

Question 18

Vitamin E deficiency

Answer 18

RBC break because of PUFA oxidation, WBC break; erythrocyte hemolysis, decreased immune function, cataracts, arthritis, cancer, fibrocystic breast disease, CVD, neurological dysfunction

Question 19

vitamin E RDA:

UL:

Answer 19

15mg

1000mg (toxicity is rare)

Question 20

examples of antioxidants:

Answer 20

beta-carotene, Se, Mn, Zn, Fe, glutathione, tripeptide, phytochemicals

Question 21

good food sources of antioxidants:

Answer 21

fruits and veg, nuts, vegetable oils, meat, milk, eggs

Question 22

Functional foods

Answer 22

foods containing physiologically active compounds that provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions