Energy Balance and Body Composition Flashcards
Energy balance:
energy in = energy out
___ changes are gradual, to lose 1lb/week reduce energy consumption by ___kcal/day
fat/500
Appetite:
psychological cues
Hunger:
physiological; gut hormones signal hypothalamus based on presence/absence of nutrients in blood
Satiation:
the stop eating signal or fullness feeling
Satiety:
the signal to not start eating again
Hypothalamus: part of the brain that controls when and how much you ___, ___ is a hormone produced by the stomach that inhibits hunger by signalling the hypothalamus, ___ is a hormone produced by the stomach that signals the hypothalamus to stimulate appetite and increase gastric ___
eat/leptin/ghrelin/emptying
Components of ___ expenditure:
- ___: generation of heat, measures ___ expenditure
- ___ metabolism: 50-60%, life-sustaining processes
- Physical activity: ___%
- Adaptation responses to ___
energy thermogenesis/energy basal 30-50 stress
Basal metabolic rate:
energy needed to maintain life under basal conditions
What are basal conditions?
completely relaxed, reclined comfortably, awake, thermo-neutral environment, post-absorptive, no recent heavy physical activity
Respiratory quotient = ?
RQ = CO2 produced / O2 consumed
Resting metabolic rate:
most but not all conditions of BMR are met
Factors that influence BMR:
age, height, growth, body composition, gender, fever, stress, temperature, fasting/starvation, malnutrition, hormones, smoking, caffeine, sleep
Male average BMR= ___kcal/day
Female average BMR= ___kcal/day
1700
1200
EER=
uses ___ not ___
estimated energy requirement = total energy expenditure
mean/RDA
body mass index = ? underweight = healthy weight = over weight = obese =
BMI = weight (kg) / height (m^2) <18.5 18.5-24.9 25-29.9 >30
Problems associated with overweight/obesity:
T2D, dyslipidemia, hypertension, coronary heart disease, gallbladder disease, obstructive sleep apnea, cancer
Problems associated with underweight:
malnutrition, osteoporosis, infertility, impaired immunocompetence
Fat distribution: either ___ (central) or ___
visceral, subcutaneous
Fat cell development stages:
- during growth fat cells increase in number
- when energy intake>expenditure they increase in size
- if still energy intake>expenditure more are created
Set point theory: body tries to ___ and ___ fat stores during times of ___ and tried to adapt to ___ changes
conserve/maintain/starvation/intake
Lipoprotein lipase:
uptakes triglycerides into tissues, higher in obese people, weight loss increases its activity
Methods to measure fat distribution
skin fold measures, air displacement, plethysmography, hydrodensitometry, DEXA, bioelectrical impedance
Malnutrition occurs at ___ weight, consequences include: …
any
- weaken immune response, increased risk of pressure injuries, muscle wasting and functional loss, contributes to depression, strain on health care system
