Energy Balance and Body Composition

Question 1

Energy balance:

Answer 1

energy in = energy out

Question 2

___ changes are gradual, to lose 1lb/week reduce energy consumption by ___kcal/day

Answer 2

fat/500

Question 3

Appetite:

Answer 3

psychological cues

Question 4

Hunger:

Answer 4

physiological; gut hormones signal hypothalamus based on presence/absence of nutrients in blood

Question 5

Satiation:

Answer 5

the stop eating signal or fullness feeling

Question 6

Satiety:

Answer 6

the signal to not start eating again

Question 7

Hypothalamus: part of the brain that controls when and how much you ___, ___ is a hormone produced by the stomach that inhibits hunger by signalling the hypothalamus, ___ is a hormone produced by the stomach that signals the hypothalamus to stimulate appetite and increase gastric ___

Answer 7

eat/leptin/ghrelin/emptying

Question 8

Components of ___ expenditure:

1. ___: generation of heat, measures ___ expenditure
2. ___ metabolism: 50-60%, life-sustaining processes
3. Physical activity: ___%
4. Adaptation responses to ___

Answer 8

energy
thermogenesis/energy
basal
30-50
stress

Question 9

Basal metabolic rate:

Answer 9

energy needed to maintain life under basal conditions

Question 10

What are basal conditions?

Answer 10

completely relaxed, reclined comfortably, awake, thermo-neutral environment, post-absorptive, no recent heavy physical activity

Question 11

Respiratory quotient = ?

Answer 11

RQ = CO2 produced / O2 consumed

Question 12

Resting metabolic rate:

Answer 12

most but not all conditions of BMR are met

Question 13

Factors that influence BMR:

Answer 13

age, height, growth, body composition, gender, fever, stress, temperature, fasting/starvation, malnutrition, hormones, smoking, caffeine, sleep

Question 14

Male average BMR= ___kcal/day

Female average BMR= ___kcal/day

Answer 14

1700

1200

Question 15

EER=

uses ___ not ___

Answer 15

estimated energy requirement = total energy expenditure

mean/RDA

Question 16

body mass index = ?
underweight = 
healthy weight = 
over weight =
obese =

Answer 16

BMI = weight (kg) / height (m^2)
<18.5
18.5-24.9
25-29.9
>30

Question 17

Problems associated with overweight/obesity:

Answer 17

T2D, dyslipidemia, hypertension, coronary heart disease, gallbladder disease, obstructive sleep apnea, cancer

Question 18

Problems associated with underweight:

Answer 18

malnutrition, osteoporosis, infertility, impaired immunocompetence

Question 19

Fat distribution: either ___ (central) or ___

Answer 19

visceral, subcutaneous

Question 20

Fat cell development stages:

Answer 20

1. during growth fat cells increase in number
2. when energy intake>expenditure they increase in size
3. if still energy intake>expenditure more are created

Question 21

Set point theory: body tries to ___ and ___ fat stores during times of ___ and tried to adapt to ___ changes

Answer 21

conserve/maintain/starvation/intake

Question 22

Lipoprotein lipase:

Answer 22

uptakes triglycerides into tissues, higher in obese people, weight loss increases its activity

Question 23

Methods to measure fat distribution

Answer 23

skin fold measures, air displacement, plethysmography, hydrodensitometry, DEXA, bioelectrical impedance

Question 24

Malnutrition occurs at ___ weight, consequences include: …

Answer 24

any
- weaken immune response, increased risk of pressure injuries, muscle wasting and functional loss, contributes to depression, strain on health care system

Question 25

Types of noticeable muscle wasting:

Answer 25

temporal, deltoids, clavicles, scapula

Question 26

Signs of malnutrition:

Answer 26

muscle wasting, body fat loss, fluid (edema), loss of grip strength, delayed wound healing, dry/cracked skin, loose skin, dry hair, brittle nails

Question 27

Proteins involved in ___ regulation:

1. ___: suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure
2. adiponectin: increases ___ sensitivity
3. ghrelin: stimulates ___
4. ___: suppresses appetite
5. ___: suppresses appetite
6. ___: suppresses appetite
7. resistin: short-term ___, opposes insulin
8. visfatin: mimics insulin (___)

Answer 27

weight
leptin

insulin
appetite
PYY
oxyntomodulin
pancreatic peptide
satiety
lowers glucose

Question 28

Adaptive energy expenditure:

Answer 28

usually results from extreme weight loss tactics; body adapts to new intake and alters thyroid function and leptin levels, leads to weight gain after treatment ends

Question 29

causes of obesity:

Answer 29

genetics, environment, overeating, lack of physical activity

Question 30

DRI for physical activity:

Answer 30

60 mins of moderate activity/day

Question 31

Successful weight loss strategies:

Answer 31

realistic intake, small changes, reasonable goals, incorporate healthy eating and physical activity into lifestyle

Question 32

Surgical weight loss options:

Answer 32

1. gastric bypass
2. gastric banding
3. gastric sleeve