Nutrient Requirements Flashcards
Nutrition:
The science of the study of food, nutrients, and other substances within food
The six classes of nutrients are:
minerals, water, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins
Nutrients:
Organic nutrients:
- raw materials to help the body grow, regulate, and create energy
- all nutrients except water and minerals, contain C
Phytochemicals:
Include principal groups
found in plants, can be good, bad, or have no effect, are biologically active within the body, p.g.: polyphenols, terpenes, sulphides, saponins
What are some examples of deficiency diseases?
anemias, PRO energy malnutrition, xerophthalmia, loiter, beriberi, pellagra, scurvy, rickets
Epidemiological studies:
research incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population, can narrow down possible causes and raise questions to pursue through other research, can’t control variables that influence the development/prevention of the disease and can’t prove cause and effect
cross sectional study:
researchers observe how much/what kinds of food a population consumes and how healthy they are to find potential correlations between diet and disease
case control study:
researchers compare people with and without a given condition, closely matching variables like gender and age, so any differences will stand out and potentially account for the disease
cohort study:
researchers analyze data from a selected group at intervals over time to find any trends
Experimental studies:
Test cause and effect relationships between variables, mostly can control conditions and can determine effects of a variable. Can apply some but not all findings to humans and can’t generalize findings and not all can be done for clinical or ethical reasons
lab-based animal studies:
giving animals specific diets and observing any changes in health
lab-based in-vitro studies:
researchers examine effects on tissue, cells, or molecules isolate from living organisms
clinical trials:
researchers ask people to adopt a new behaviour to determine the effectiveness of interventions
What are the key factors for nutritional research?
- randomized
- placebo-controlled
- double blind
- sample size must be large enough, representative of typical people, replicatable, and ethical
Essential nutrients:
performs identifiable biological function, results in abnormality if omitted from diet which is corrected when it is added back, body can’t make it or can’t make it fast enough to meet needs
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI):
set of nutrient intake values for healthy people
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR):
average daily amount of a nutrient that will maintain specific biochemical or physiological function in half the healthy people for a given age and gender
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA):
average daily amount considered adequate to meet known needs of practically all (except ~2.5%) healthy people, goal for individual intake, uses mean amount plus 2 standard deviations
Adequate Intake (AI):
mean intake to sustain health
Tolerable Upper Intake Limit (UL):
maximum intake without adverse health conditions
Relative Risk:
safe range of intake
Setting recommendations is done using scientific ___, if ___ it is encouraged to be expressed as that. Recommendation cover all ___ people without risking ___, despite varying needs.
data/unknown/healthy/toxicity
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER):
average dietary intake to maintain energy balance and good health in a person, given their weight, age, height, activity level and gender
Why is an RDA not used for energy intake?
it would promote weight gain in many people, it’s also very easy/quick to tell if someone is deficient or getting too much
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR):
ranges of intake for energy-yielding nutrients to provide adequate energy and nutrients
Fat AMDR is ___%, CHO AMDR is ___%, PRO AMDR is ___%
20-35/45-65/10-35
