Nutrient Requirements

Question 1

Nutrition:

Answer 1

The science of the study of food, nutrients, and other substances within food

Question 2

The six classes of nutrients are:

Answer 2

minerals, water, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins

Question 3

Nutrients:

Organic nutrients:

Answer 3

• raw materials to help the body grow, regulate, and create energy
• all nutrients except water and minerals, contain C

Question 4

Phytochemicals:

Include principal groups

Answer 4

found in plants, can be good, bad, or have no effect, are biologically active within the body, p.g.: polyphenols, terpenes, sulphides, saponins

Question 5

What are some examples of deficiency diseases?

Answer 5

anemias, PRO energy malnutrition, xerophthalmia, loiter, beriberi, pellagra, scurvy, rickets

Question 6

Epidemiological studies:

Answer 6

research incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population, can narrow down possible causes and raise questions to pursue through other research, can’t control variables that influence the development/prevention of the disease and can’t prove cause and effect

Question 7

cross sectional study:

Answer 7

researchers observe how much/what kinds of food a population consumes and how healthy they are to find potential correlations between diet and disease

Question 8

case control study:

Answer 8

researchers compare people with and without a given condition, closely matching variables like gender and age, so any differences will stand out and potentially account for the disease

Question 9

cohort study:

Answer 9

researchers analyze data from a selected group at intervals over time to find any trends

Question 10

Experimental studies:

Answer 10

Test cause and effect relationships between variables, mostly can control conditions and can determine effects of a variable. Can apply some but not all findings to humans and can’t generalize findings and not all can be done for clinical or ethical reasons

Question 11

lab-based animal studies:

Answer 11

giving animals specific diets and observing any changes in health

Question 12

lab-based in-vitro studies:

Answer 12

researchers examine effects on tissue, cells, or molecules isolate from living organisms

Question 13

clinical trials:

Answer 13

researchers ask people to adopt a new behaviour to determine the effectiveness of interventions

Question 14

What are the key factors for nutritional research?

Answer 14

• randomized
• placebo-controlled
• double blind
• sample size must be large enough, representative of typical people, replicatable, and ethical

Question 15

Essential nutrients:

Answer 15

performs identifiable biological function, results in abnormality if omitted from diet which is corrected when it is added back, body can’t make it or can’t make it fast enough to meet needs

Question 16

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI):

Answer 16

set of nutrient intake values for healthy people

Question 17

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR):

Answer 17

average daily amount of a nutrient that will maintain specific biochemical or physiological function in half the healthy people for a given age and gender

Question 18

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA):

Answer 18

average daily amount considered adequate to meet known needs of practically all (except ~2.5%) healthy people, goal for individual intake, uses mean amount plus 2 standard deviations

Question 19

Adequate Intake (AI):

Answer 19

mean intake to sustain health

Question 20

Tolerable Upper Intake Limit (UL):

Answer 20

maximum intake without adverse health conditions

Question 21

Relative Risk:

Answer 21

safe range of intake

Question 22

Setting recommendations is done using scientific ___, if ___ it is encouraged to be expressed as that. Recommendation cover all ___ people without risking ___, despite varying needs.

Answer 22

data/unknown/healthy/toxicity

Question 23

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER):

Answer 23

average dietary intake to maintain energy balance and good health in a person, given their weight, age, height, activity level and gender

Question 24

Why is an RDA not used for energy intake?

Answer 24

it would promote weight gain in many people, it’s also very easy/quick to tell if someone is deficient or getting too much

Question 25

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR):

Answer 25

ranges of intake for energy-yielding nutrients to provide adequate energy and nutrients

Question 26

Fat AMDR is ___%, CHO AMDR is ___%, PRO AMDR is ___%

Answer 26

20-35/45-65/10-35