Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUTR 207 > Micronutrients and Health Issues > Flashcards

Micronutrients and Health Issues Flashcards

1
Q

nutrition assessment

A

deficiency or excess over timeless to malnutrition, doctors use historical information, anthropomorphic measurements, physical exams, and laboratory tests to create a total picture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

stages of deficiency

A 
primary (caused by indadequate diet)
secondary (caused by internal problems)
subclinical (declining nutrient stores)
covert (abnormal functions within the body)
overt (physical symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

micronutrients

A

noncaloric, needed in small amounts, not synthesized by the body as sufficient rates, perform specific biological requirements, withdrawal causes deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

bioavailability

A

included the amount in food, the amount absorbed, and the amount used by the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Factors that affect bioavailability

A

efficiency of digestion, transit time, nutrient status, food preparation method, source of the nutrient, other present foods (like binders or fibre)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

minerals

A

inorganic micronutrients, bioavailability varies, excess is potentially toxic, their general function is to regulate bodily functions and at as structural components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

major minerals:

A

Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

trace minerals:

A

Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, I, Se

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vitamins

A

noncaloric micronutrients, body cannot synthesize enough organic,

  • required for metabolism, growth, and maintenance of health
  • either found in active form or as precursors (vitamers/provitamins)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B vitamins, C, E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

B vitamins

A

thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, B6/pyridoxine, folate, B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Functions of micronutrients

A

hormone function, antioxidant function, electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pellagra

A

caused by niacin deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bones are composed of ___% mineral crystals (strength and ___) and ___% collagen (flexibility). Bone material ___ corresponds to bone strength.

A

65

support/35/density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

there are two bone types: ___ and ___

A

cortical (the hard outer shell, gives up Ca to blood at a slow/steady rate
trabecular (the lacy matrix, only gives up Ca when diet is lacking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The steps of bone turnover (3)

A
  1. bone growth: determines bone size, begins in womb and continues until early adulthood
  2. bone modelling: determines bone shape, begins in womb until early adulthood
  3. Bone remodelling: maintains integrity of bones by replacing old with new, predominantly during adulthood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The steps of bone remodelling (2)

A
  1. resorption: surface of bones is broken down by osteoclasts
  2. formation: new bone forms in the resorption pit, build by osteoblasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Osteoporosis

A

decrease in bone density, leads to hip fractures and compressed vertebrae, bone mineral density >2.5 standard deviations below mean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Osteoporosis type I

A

postmenopausal, loss of trabecular bone, leads to wrist and spine fractures, primary causes are loss of estrogen (menopause) and loss of testosterone in ageing men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

osteoporosis type II

A

senile (+70yrs onset), loss of trabecular and cortical bone, leads to hip fractures, primary causes are reduces Ca absorption, increased bone mineral loss, increased falling probability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

risk factors for osteoporosis

A

old age, low BMI, caucasian/hispanic/asian heritage, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, use of glucocorticoids or anticonvulsants, female, maternal history of osteoporosis, personal fracture history, estrogen/testosterone deficiency, lifetime diet inadequate in vitamin D or Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

protective factors for osteoporosis

A

youth, high BMI, African American heritage, non smoking, moderate drinking, regular weight-bearing exercise, male, bone density assessment/treatment, estrogen therapy, lifetime diet rich in vitamin D and Ca

24
Q

bone density can be measure by ___

A

DXA (uses X-rays to measure the amount absorbed by bones vs. soft tissue)

25
Q

osteopenia

A

bone mineral density 1-2.5 S.D. below established mean

26
Q

bone growth done by …

A

collagen, Ca, Mg, P, Fl with support from vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, with help from vitamin A, C and K

27
Q

Calcium

A

most abundant mineral in the body, mostly stored in bones and teeth, maintains bone turnover, maintains normal blood pressure and can help with clotting, regulates muscle contractions, transmits nerve impulses, secretes hormones, activates some enzyme reactions

28
Q

Ca absorption is higher during periods of ___ and lower during ___. It can be increased by ___ enzymes, ___ acid, Vitamin ___, low ___ intake, and in infants ___

A

growth
adulthood/anabolic/gastric
D/phosphate/lactose

29
Q

Ca absorption is decreased by:

A

ageing, lack of stomach acid, vitamin D deficiency, high P intake, high insoluble fibre diet, phytates, oxalates, and high PRO intake

30
Q

Calcium DRI: RDA and UL

A
  • adults 19-50: RDA=1000mg/day, UL=2500mg/day
  • men 51-70: RDA=1000mg UL=2000mg/day
  • women 51-70: RDA=1200mg/day UL=2000mg/day
  • 70+: RDA=1200mg/day UL=2000mg/day
31
Q

calcium deficiency causes:

A

stunted growth, weak bones, osteoporosis

32
Q

calcium toxicity causes:

A

kidney stones, constipation, decreased absorption of other minerals (Fe), calcification blood vessels, exposure to contaminants (from supplements)

33
Q

examples of Ca supplements are:

A

antacids, bone meal/oyster shells/dolomite, multivitamins, Ca citrate, etc.

34
Q

Good food sources of Ca:

A

cauliflower, watercress, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, rutabaga, kale, mustard greens, bok choy, turnip greens

35
Q

Vitamin D functions

A

required for Ca absorption, regulated blood Ca levels, stimulates osteoclasts, necessary for bone calcification, immunity, cell differentiation

36
Q

Low blood Ca signals the ___ gland to secrete ___ hormone. Vitamin D stimulates Ca ___ from the kidneys to the blood, enhances Ca ___ in the liver, and stimulates ___ to break down bones and release Ca into the blood. This all results in ___ blood Ca levels which inhibits ___ hormone secretion.

A 
parathyroid/parathyroid
reabsorption 
absorption
osteoclasts
raised/parathyroid
37
Q

High blood Ca signals ___ gland to secrete calcitonin which ___ vitamin D activation, preventing reabsorption in the ___, limits absorption in the ___, and inhibits ___. This results in ___ blood Ca and inhibition of calcitonin secretion

A

thyroid
inhibits
kidneys/liver/osteoclasts
lower

38
Q

Vitamin D DRI:

A
  • 9-70 years: RDA=600IU UL=4000IU

- 70+: RDA=800IU UL=4000IU

39
Q

Vitamin D deficiency causes:

A

abnormal bone growth, rickets, osteoporosis, malformed teeth, muscle spasms

40
Q

Vitamin D toxicity causes:

A

elevated blood Ca, calcified soft tissue, excessive thirst, headaches, nausea, weakness

41
Q

Rickets

A

caused by vitamin D deficiency, bones soften causing bowed legs, malformed teeth, and stunting

42
Q

Osteomalacia

A

caused by vitamin D deficiency, causes softening of bones

43
Q

What is Ps role in bones?

A

forms hydroxyapatite mineral of bone, high intake decreases Ca absorption

44
Q

What is Mgs role in bones?

A

bone structure, regulation of mineralization, vitamin D metabolism

45
Q

What is vitamin Ks role in bone?

A

its coenzymes synthesize bone PRO

46
Q

What is vitamin As role in bones?

A

remodelling and osteoclast activity

47
Q

What is vitamin Cs role in bones?

A

cofactor for collagen synthesis

48
Q

Zinc functions:

A

DNA and PRO synthesis, release of vitamin A, synthesis/storage/release of insulin, taste perceptions, antioxidant, RBC synthesis, immune function, would healing, growth and development, reproduction, influences behaviour and learning

49
Q

food sources for Zn:

A

beef, eggs, seafood, dairy, legumes

50
Q

Zn RDA and UL:

A

RDA= 11mg/day (men) 8mg/day (women), UL= 40mg/day

51
Q

effects of Zn toxicity:

A

interferes with Cu metabolism, alters Fe function, reduced immunity, urinary problems

52
Q

effects of Zn deficiency:

A

compromised growth and development, poor appetite, diarrhea, immune system and CNS dysfunction

53
Q

Functions of iodine

A

cellular metabolic rate, growth, reproduction, body temperature, RBC synthesis, brain development

54
Q

Iodine deficiency causes:

A

goiters and cretinism

55
Q

Good food sources:

A

seafood, iodized salt

56
Q

RDA and UL of iodine:

A

RDA=150ug/day, UL=1100ug/day

NUTR 207 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions