Carbohydrates

Question 1

AMDR for CHO

Answer 1

45-65% of total energy

225-325kcal/2000kcal

Question 2

RDA:
UL:

Answer 2

130g (only reflects amount needed for brain function)

no UL

Question 3

Glycemic response

Answer 3

extent to which food raises blood sugar

Question 4

Glycemic index

Answer 4

scale ranking CHO-containing foods by how much they raise blood sugar levels after consumption, high glycemic index=empty calories

Question 5

Glycemic load

Answer 5

[glycemic index]x[g of CHO]

Question 6

Glucose is the ___ energy source, preferred by ___ body parts

Answer 6

primary/most

Question 7

Monosaccharides: chemical formula is ___

1. ___: blood sugar, in every disaccharide
2. ___: sweetest, in fruits, honey, and artificial sweetener
3. ___: naturally present in dairy products

Answer 7

C6H12O6
glucose
fructose
galactose

Question 8

Disaccharides: formed by ___ reactions which releases one ___ per bond formed, broken by ___.

• maltose = ___+___
• ___ = glucose+fructose
• ___ = galactose+___

Answer 8

condensation
H2O/hydrolysis
glucose/glucose
sucrose
lactose/glucose

Question 9

Polysaccharides:

1. ___: human storage form of glucose, highly ___
2. starch: ___ storage form of ___, branches or unbranched, digestible
   a. ___ starch: ___ digestion, acts like fibre
3. Fibre: ___ component of plants, resists ___, can be fermented to break down
   a. ___ fibre: viscous, fermentable, often gummy, adds ___
   b. ___fibre: tough, less fermentable, tough/stringy/gritty

Answer 9

glycogen/branched
plant/glucose

resistant/resists
structural/digestion

soluble/thickness
insoluble

Question 10

Starch digestion pathway:

Answer 10

• mouth: amylase (in saliva) begins digestion
• stomach: inactivates enzymes and stops digestion
• small intestine/pancreas: pancreatic amylase is secreted to continue digestion, along with maltase, sucrace, and lactase
• monosaccharides are absorbed

Question 11

Fibre digestion pathway:

Answer 11

• mouth: mechanical breakdown crushes it and saliva moistens it
• stomach: not digested, delays stomach emptying
• small intestine: not digested, delays absorption
• large intestine: bacterial enzymes turn fibre into short chain f.a. and gas, this holds water, regulates bowel activity, and draws things like cholesterol out of the body with it

Question 12

___ and ___ enter intestinal cells via active transport while ___ used facilitated diffusion. In the ___ fructose and galactose are converted to glucose

Answer 12

glucose/galactose

fructose/liver

Question 13

Lactose intolerance:

Answer 13

symptoms of intolerance are caused by the absence of lactase, somewhat genetic but can increase/develop with age, undigested lactose holds water in the lumen and lactic acid, methane, and H in the colon

Question 14

What are the symptoms of lactose intolerance?

Answer 14

nausea, diarrhea, cramping, bloating, gas,

Question 15

Dietary fibre AI:
UL:
DV:

Answer 15

38g/day (men), 25g/day (women)
no UL
25g/2000kcal

Question 16

Actions of dietary fibre in the stomach, small intestine, and colon

Answer 16

stomach: delays emptying, prolongs full feeling
small intestine:not digested, slows absorption, gives better glycemic control, soluble binds bile acids (lowers fat/cholesterol absorption) and insoluble binds cations
colon: speeds up the process, attracts water (stops constipation), its fermentation lowers pH and protects the mucus layer, binds bile acids and toxins

Question 17

Sorbitol

Answer 17

has a laxative effect

Question 18

normal blood glucose level is ___mm/L

Answer 18

4-6

Question 19

What are the functions of glucose in blood?

Answer 19

oxidized for free energy, converted to glycogen or fat to store energy, precursor for amino acids

Question 20

As blood glucose rises and drops, the pancreas respond by releasing ___ (rising) or ___ (lowering)

Answer 20

insulin/glucagon

Question 21

gluconeogenesis:

Answer 21

liver makes glucose from PRO if needed (when no CHO are consumed and glycogen is depleted)

Question 22

ketosis:

Answer 22

body produces ketone to use an alternate fuel

Question 23

Type 1 diabetes:

Answer 23

~10% of cases, high blood glucose, pancreas does not produce insulin at all, either autoimmune or viral
treatment: insulin, diet, exercise

Question 24

Type 2 diabetes:

Answer 24

high blood glucose, pancreas either can’t produce or body can’t use insulin
Treatment: diet, exercise, sometimes insulin

Question 25

Warning signs of diabetes:

Answer 25

excessive urination/thirst, glucose in urine, weight loss, nausea, tiredness, weakness, irritability, craving sweets, frequent infections, vision disturbances, pain in extremities, slow cut/bruise healing, itching, abnormally high blood glucose levels

Question 26

Glycosuria

Answer 26

glucose in urine, causes osmotic dieresis (water loss, dehydration, thirst), caused by blood glucose levels being higher than the proximal tubule of the kidney can reabsorb

Question 27

Risks of diabetes:

Answer 27

damage to organs, blood vessels, and nerves, cardiovascular problems, kidney problems, blindness, nerve pain, ulcers, amputation

Question 28

Prediabetes

Answer 28

elevated blood glucose levels that haven’t passed the threshold

Question 29

Dietary management for diabetes:

Answer 29

weight management, adequate nutrient intake, balanced meals, three meals a day, adequate fibre intake, moderate sugar intake, controlled CHO intake, low saturated fat, adequate PRO intake

Question 30

Free sugars

Answer 30

mono- and disaccharides added to foods by manufacturer, cook, or consumer

Question 31

Dental caries

Answer 31

caused by bacteria fermenting sugars in the mouth, creating acid which damages enamel

Question 32

Sugar alcohols

Answer 32

used as artificial sweeteners, not fermentable, slow absorption, ~2kcal/g, potential laxative effect
include xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol