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NUTR 207 > Life Cycle Nutrition: Pregnancy, Lactation, Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence > Flashcards

Life Cycle Nutrition: Pregnancy, Lactation, Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

goal for nutrition/health prior to pregnancy:

A

achieve and maintain healthy weight, choose an adequate and balanced diet, be physically active, receive regular medical care, manage chronic conditions, avoid harmful influences

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2
Q

GPAL

A

Gravida (number of pregnancies)
Para (number of pregnancies brought to 20+ weeks)
Abortus (number of abortions/miscarriages before 20 weeks)
L (living children/live births)

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3
Q

full term

A

40 weeks gestation

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4
Q

term

A

> 37 weeks or >2500g

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5
Q

preterm

A

20-36 week or 500-2499g

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6
Q

abortion/miscarriage

A

<20 weeks

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7
Q

first trimester

A

0-12weeks

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8
Q

second trimester

A

13-28 weeks

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9
Q

third trimester

A

29 weeks-birth

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10
Q

prenatal

A

egg to fetus (anything before birth)

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11
Q

the placenta

A

aka afterbirth, performs respiratory, absorptive, and excretory functions for the baby until it’s born, produces an array of hormones that maintain pregnancy and prepare the mom for lactation

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12
Q

maternal blood ___ are ___ with the fetal blood ___ that are connected to the fetus via the ___, ___ happens here

A

vessels/side by side/vessels

umbilical cord/exchange

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13
Q

Key events of pregnancy at: 0 weeks, 5 weeks, 8 weeks, 11 weeks, and 40 weeks

A

0 week: newly fertilized egg is the size of a . (zygote)
5 weeks: ~1.25cm long, placenta begins to develop and nourish (embryo)
8 weeks: heart beat, fingers and toes develop, organs start to develop
11 weeks: ~4cm long, umbilical cord and blood vessels are in place (fetus)
40 weeks: ~50cm long (newborn enfant)

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14
Q

critical periods of development

A

times of intense development and rapid cell division, full recovery may not be possible if adverse events occur during this time

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15
Q

neural tube defects

A

critical period is 17-30 days, either anencephaly or spina bifida

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16
Q

anencephaly

A

brain is either missing or fails to develop, usually results in miscarriage or death soon after birth

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17
Q

spina bifida

A

incomplete closure of spinal cord, varying severity, can result in no symptoms, partial-full paralysis, death, club foot, dislocated hips, kidney disorders, scoliosis, muscle weakness, mental handicaps, motor/sensory handicaps

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18
Q

supplementing with ___ug of ___ can help prevent NTD, should begin supplementation as soon as ___

A

400/folate

start trying to conceive

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19
Q

baby is viable at ___ weeks

A

24

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20
Q

factors that increase nutritional risks for women during pregnancy:

A

youth, many previous pregnancies, short intervals between pregnancies, history of poor outcomes, chronic disease, low income, little family support, low education level, smoking, drug use, pregnant with multiples, too much/little weight gain

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21
Q

what are the risks associated with an underweight mom?

A

preterm birth and infant death

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22
Q

what are the risks of an overweight mom?

A

gestational diabetes, hypertension, complications for the mom during birth, risk for infant

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23
Q

recommended weight gains for various pre-pregnancy weights: (for one baby)
under=+___kg, healthy=+___kg, over=+___kg, obese=+___kg

A

12.5-18
11.5-16
7-11.5
5-9

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24
Q

pattern for healthy weight gain during pregnancy: in ___
under= +___ (1st tri) +___/week after
normal= +___(1st tri) +___/week after
over= +___(1st tri) +___/week after

A

kg

  1. 5/0.5
  2. 5/0.5
  3. 0/0.33
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25
Q

components of weight gain

A

increase in breast size, mother’s fluid volume, blood supply, uterus and support muscle size, and mothers necessary fat stores, placenta, babys weight, amniotic fluid

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26
Q

most ___ to pre-pregnancy weight

A

do not return

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27
Q

what are the benefits of exercise during pregnancy?

A

improves fitness, avoid/manage gestational diabetes, facilitates labour, reduces stress

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28
Q

what should you avoid when exercising while pregnant?

A

dehydration, exhaustion

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29
Q 
energy needs during pregnancy:
BMR \_\_\_ so energy needs \_\_\_, in 1st tri =\_\_\_kcal/day, 2nd tri +\_\_\_kcal/day, 3rd tri +\_\_\_kcal/day
CHO: no less than \_\_\_g/day
PRO: +\_\_\_g/day
FAT: increase \_\_\_
A 
increases/increases/0
350/450
175
25
omega-3 f.a.
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30
Q

what type of diet is not compatible with pregnancy?

A

the keto diet

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31
Q

which nutrients are important for blood production and cell growth during pregnancy?

A

folate, B12, Fe, Zn

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32
Q

which nutrients are important for vegetarians during pregnancy/lactation?

A

B12, folate, D, Ca

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33
Q

what are some common nutrition-related concerns during pregnancy?

A

nausea, constipation, haemorrhoids, heart burn, cravings or aversions, non-food cravings

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34
Q

what are some problems associated with low birth weight?

A

complications during delivery, birth defects (physical or mental), disease, early death, correlated with socioeconomic status

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35
Q

what are some food assistance programs in Canada for pregnant women?

A

Canadian prenatal nutrition program (CPNP), OLO (in QC)

36
Q

what effects do the following maternal conditions have during pregnancy: preexisting diabetes, gestation diabetes, existing chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia?

A
  1. risks are dependant on management
  2. labour complications, high birth weight, birth defects
  3. risk of heart attack or stroke for mom, LBW, still birth
  4. occurs during 2nd trimester
  5. diminished blood flow=poor fetal growth, can progress to eclampsia (risk of convulsion and death)
37
Q

risk factors for teen pregnancy

A

added nutritional burden, possibly not seeking help, possible lower socioeconomic status, risk of complications, higher stillbirth rate, LBW, preterm birth, more recommended weight gain

38
Q

risks of an older father

A

higher preterm birth rate, LBW, possible need for ventilation, medical problems for infant

39
Q

risks of older mother

A

complications, higher maternal death rate, preterm birth, LBW, genetic conditions

40
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

mothers should avoid any alcohol during pregnancy because it can cross the placenta easily and harm the baby, severity ranges but can cause mental problems and/or physical malformations

41
Q

what are the risks of smoking/tobacco use during pregnancy?

A

restricts blood supply to fetus, complicated birth, LBW, stunted lung development, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), reduced brain size

42
Q

Which environmental contaminants are potentially hazardous for pregnancy?

A

food-borne illness, water/fish (lead)

43
Q

which are good fish to consume during pregnancy to increase omega-3 f.a. and reduce risk of mercury poinoning?

A

anchovies, capelin, char, hake, herring, Atlantic salmon, mackerel, mullet, pollock, smelt, rainbow trout, whitefish, blue crab, shrimp, clams, mussels, oysters, canned tuna (excluding albacore canned tuna)

44
Q

lactation

A

naturally follows pregnancy, mammary glands secrete milk, hormones promote growth and branching of duct system and the development of milk-producing cells, demand stimulates release

45
Q

breast milk

A

excellent nutrient source, high CHO, high fat, moderate/low PRO

46
Q

how does breast milk provide immunological protection?

A

antibodies and WBC in the milk are passed to the baby and inactivate disease-causing bacteria, they also encourage a healthy gut biome

47
Q

babys should be exclusively breast fed from ___ and it should be combined with food from ___

A

0-6mo

6mo-1yr

48
Q

which vitamin should babies be supplemented with?

A

vitamin D

49
Q

what is the baby friendly initiative?

A

goal is to recognize hospitals and birthing facilities that successfully promote and support breastfeeding practices by following their guidelines

50
Q

energy needs during lactation: +___kcal/day (first 6mo), +___kcal/day (second 6 mo), this allows gradual ___

A

330

400/weight loss

51
Q

lactogenesis

A

milk is produced continuously as breast is emptied, regular feeding or pumping is needed to maintain the supply, if not is it down-regulated

52
Q

prolactin

A

signals milk production

53
Q

oxytocin

A

signals ejection of milk

54
Q

thing to limit/avoid during lactation

A

alcohol, some medicinal drugs, illicit drugs, smoking, environmental contaminants, caffeine

55
Q

can women still breast feed if they have colds?
if they have infection diseases like hepatitis?
if they are HIV+?

A

yes
yes
yes (only recommended in developing nations)

56
Q

special needs of preterm babies are met because of the higher ___ content of preterm milk

A

PRO

57
Q

food allergies

A

food proteins illicit immunological response involving antibodies, may or may not have symptoms

58
Q

What is the difference between a food allergy and a food intolerance?

A

allergies produce antibodies

59
Q

when do doctors recommend introducing allergens into diet to prevent allergies?

A

4-6mo

60
Q

infant energy intake:

A

100kcal/kg (much higher than adults)

61
Q

what has developed in infants by 6mo than makes introducing solid foods possible/recommended?

A

swallowing and gag reflexes

62
Q

what mineral should a baby/s first food be rich in?

A

Fe

63
Q

what foods should you avoid feeding babies?

A

sweets, choking hazards, honey

64
Q

when should you start incorporating fluids (other than breast milk) into infant’s diet?

A

9mo

65
Q

when should you start incorporation cow’s milk into baby’s diet and how should you start?

A

9-12mo, start with homo milk

66
Q

should babies be given a vegetarian diet? what about vegan? how can you avoid deficiencies?

A

babies can be vegetarian as long as their diet is carefully planned and balances, vegan diets are not recommended because they are at the highest risk for deficiencies, breastfeed until at least 2yrs to avoid deficiency

67
Q

at what age do babys appetites begin to diminish? why?

A

around 1 year, their growth slows around this age

68
Q

physical activity levels should ___ with energy demand

A

increase

69
Q

what factors influence childhood obesity?

A

patent obesity status, family meals, diet (added sugar, processed food, etc), eating out, advertising, lacking veg/fruit, skipping breakfast, physical activity vs screen time, sleep habits, media, socioeconomic status, stress, psychological issues

70
Q

What health problems are associated with childhood obesity?

A

high blood pressure, heart disease, T2D, sleep apnea, abnormal/missed menstrual cycles, bone and joint problems, reduced balance

71
Q

hyperactivity

A

leads to trouble sleeping, not being able to sit still, acting impulsively, trouble paying attention, treatment can involve behavioural counselling or medication

72
Q

symptoms of autism

A

trouble communicating, less interest in food, uncommon food preferences, GI disturbances, trouble with motor skills (mild to severe)

73
Q

what are some supplements that can help with autism?

A

Fe, B6, Mg, omega-3

74
Q

what does breakfast consumption do for kids?

A

improves concentration, longer attention span, improve intelligence tests, less absences from school

75
Q

what does an iron deficiency do to kids?

A

impairs attention span, lack of motivation in attention-based tasks, disruptive behaviour

76
Q

what type of toxicity are malnourished children more susceptible to?

A

lead

77
Q

sources of lead toxicity:

A

paint, dirt, water (from lead pipes in older homes)

78
Q

marasmus

A

server deprivation/impaired PR, kcal, vitamin, and mineral absorption, develops slowly and leads to severe weight loss, muscle wasting, anxiety, apathy, skin-and-bones appearance

79
Q

kwashiorkor

A

caused by famine and lack of PRO, leads to muscle wasting, fat retention, fluid balance shifts (responding to decreased albumin in blood), fatty liver development

80
Q

PRO energy undernutrition

A

causes infections, dysentery, fever, fluid imbalances, heart failure, and possible death

81
Q

rehabilitation for malnutrition:

A

rehab and global issues must be taken into account, ready-to-use therapeutic foods are a good option

82
Q

why is nutrition in adolescence so important?

A

its a period of rapid growth

83
Q

energy and nutrient needs for adolescents are ___ that any other point but vary depending on ___, ___, ___, and ___

A

higher
gender/body composition/growth rate
physical activity

84
Q

why do Fe requirements increase during adolescence?

A

menstruation begins (female)

85
Q

which mineral requirement peaks during adolescence? why?

A

Ca

growth peaks

86
Q

what other factors should. be considered for adolescent nutrition recommendations?

A

peers, alcohol consumption, drugs, smoking, behavioural changes

NUTR 207 (18 decks)

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