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Therapeutics > W9 - Toxins > Flashcards

W9 - Toxins Flashcards

1
Q

What is toxicology

A

the study of the effect of poisons on the function of living systems

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2
Q

What are some examples of agents that can be toxic to the human body

A 
drugs
paracetamol
penicillin
thalidomide
novichok
sarin
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3
Q

What was Paracelsus’s statement on toxicity

A

all things are poison and nothing is without poison only the dose permits something not to be poisonous

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4
Q

What did we learn from paracelsus’s statement

A

the dose makes the poison

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5
Q

describe the range between the therapeutic effect and the toxic effect

A

Every drug has a therapeutic effect and a toxic effect, in an ideal drug the toxic effect limit will be much higher than the therapeutic effect. So that a dose can be increased to have a higher therapeutic effect before it would become toxic

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6
Q

What is an ADR

A

Adverse Drug Reactions. They are noxious or unintended responses occurring at therapeutic doses

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7
Q

What are the two types of ADR

A

Type A (Augmented)

Type B (Bizzarre)

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8
Q

What are the effects of an augmented ADR

A

related to known pharmacology but undesirable

common

dose related

predictable

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9
Q

what is an example of an augmented ADR

A

Hemorrhage with anticoagulants

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10
Q

What are the effects of a bizarre ADR

A

unrelated to known pharmacology

Rare

Unpredictable

Often idiosyncratic

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11
Q

What is an example of a bizarre ADR

A

anaphylaxis with penicilin

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12
Q

what are the 4 part of toxicokinetics

Think pharmacokinetics

A

ADME

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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13
Q

What are two ways in which toxic materials are absorbed

A

ingestion

inhalatin

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14
Q

what are two metabolic processes that can be found in toxicokinetics

A

Detoxification

Toxification

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15
Q

what is detoxification

A

compound rendered less toxic

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16
Q

what is toxification

A

relatively inert compound converted into toxin

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17
Q

What are the 4 types of basic clinical syndromes (gell and combes)

A

Type 1 - Hypersensitivity reaction

Type 2 - Antibody mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction

Type 3 - Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity reaction

Type 4 - Delayed type hypersensitivity

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18
Q

Describe the mechanism of a hypersensitivity reaction (histamine)

A

Hapten binds onto a low molecular weight allergen such as bee venom peanut oil or penicilin, this forms the immunogenic conjugate. This then binds to an IgE site on a mast cell which triggers the release of histamine.

19
Q

What is the response of a hypersensitivity reaction

A

Bronchoconstriction
Vasodilation
Inflammation

20
Q

What is a type one clinical syndrome treated with

A

adrenaline

21
Q

Describe the mechanism of a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • Toxic antigen binds to red blood cell, an IgG then binds to the red blood cell which then allows a T cell to bind and cause a mediated cell lysis.
22
Q

What can a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction cause the lysis of

A

red blood cells
neutrophile
platelets

23
Q

what is hameolytic anemia

A

lysis of red blood cells

24
Q

what is agranulocytosis

A

lysis of neutrophiles

25
Q

wht is thrombocytopenia

A

lysis of platelets

26
Q

What are the 4 types of molecular drug / toxin target

A

receptor
enzyme
carriers
othere e.g. protein in vesicle release

27
Q

what are the 4 types of receptor

A

ligang gated ion channel
gpcrs
enzyme linked receptors
nuclear receptors

28
Q

what do animal toxins block

A

ion conduction

29
Q

what do dendrotoxins block

A

voltage gated K+ channels

30
Q

What channel is an important toxin target

A

Ca2+

31
Q

what does tetrodotoxin act on

A

Na+

32
Q

What effects can be affected by the release of cellular effects

A

increased secretion e.g. eyes watering

convulsions

bradycardia hypotension

bronchoconstriction respiratory depression

33
Q

What is ACHE

A

acetyl choline esterase

34
Q

what happens if ache is inhibited

A

acetyl choline is not broken down safely and that can lead to deadly consequences

35
Q

describe the effect of sarin of the the acetylcholinesterase active site

A

the molecule binds onto the serine molecule preventing aceytlcholine from being broken down as the active site has a competitive inhibitor blocking it

36
Q

What role do oxines have in helping the body against sarin gas attacks

A

they are strong nucleophiles which take the molecule that has binded onto the serine particle and seperates it which in turn reactivates acetylcholinesterase

37
Q

why is carbon monixide toxic

A

displaces oxygen from hameoglobin

38
Q

Why is cyanide toxic

A

cyanide inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase to prevent cellular respiration

39
Q

what 2 organs are most susceptible to toxin damage

A

liver

kidney

40
Q

what are the 3 types of hepatoxicity

A

hepatic necrosis

hepatic inflammation

chronic liver damage

41
Q

what is hepatic necrosis

A

paracetamol poisoning

42
Q

what is hepatic inflammation

A

hepatitis is when halothane can covalently bind to liver proteins to trigger an autoimmune reaction

43
Q

what is chronic liver damage

A

long term ethanol abuse causes cellular toxicity and inflammation and malnutrition as ethanol becomes a food source

Therapeutics (50 decks)

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