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Therapeutics > W14 Physiological systems > Flashcards

W14 Physiological systems Flashcards

1
Q

what are 4 main receptors

A

enzymes
transporters
ion channels
receptors

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2
Q

What does pns stand for

A

peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

what does the PNS represent

A

output of the CNS and acting independently to regulate the body’s internal environment

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4
Q

what are the 2 parts of the PNS

A

autonomic nervous system

Somatic (motor) nervous system

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5
Q

what do efferent nerves control

A

movement by innervating skeletal muscle

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6
Q

what do afferent nerves respon to

A

external stimuli e.g. pain sensing fibres

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7
Q

what are the 3 parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Enteric nervous system

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8
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system

A

cranial sacral output

synapse at ganglia close to innervated tissue.

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9
Q

what is sympathetic nervous system

A

thoracic lumbar output synapse at ganglia either side of vertebral column

ganglia distal to innervated tissue

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10
Q

what is enteric nervous system

A

neurones with cell bodies in the wall of the intestine that innervates GI tract, pancreas and gall bladder.

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11
Q

what are the main processes that the ANS regulate

A

heart beat

smooth muscle contraction and relaxation

all exocrine function

some endocrine secretions

some steps in intermediate metabolism

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12
Q

in general what does the sympathetic system do

A

evokes a flight and fight response whilst the parasympathetic system mediates a rest and digest state.

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13
Q

what is cholinergic transmission

A

all motor nerves releases acetyl choline which act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

all postganglionic parasympathetic nerves release acetyl choline which act on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

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14
Q

What is acetyl choline regulated by

A

inhibitory presynaptic m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

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15
Q

where are the m1 receptors located

A

Ganglia

CNS

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16
Q

where are the m2 receptors located

A

Cardiac

CNS

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17
Q

where are the m3 receptors located

A

Glands
Smooth Muscle
Blood Vessels

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18
Q

where are the m4 receptors located

A

CNS

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19
Q

where are the m5 receptors located

A

CNS

20
Q

why is it important to know about different receptor types

A

selectivity

21
Q

what are the parasympathetic effects

A 
Bradycardia 
Vasodilation
Increases secretion
Bronchoconstriction
Increased gut motility
Reduction of itraocular pressure
22
Q

what actions of atropine

A 
block secretion
Tachycardia
Pupillary dilation and cillary muscle paralysis
inhibits gut motility
paralysis of bladder
smooth muscle relaxation
CNS effects: excitatory
23
Q

what are the three types of ACh receptors

A

muscle
ganglion
cns

24
Q

What are depolarizing blockers

A

Agonists which cause a depolarizing block of the muscle fibre endplate = depolarizing blockers.

25
Q

what are some uses of competitive blockers

A

Widely used as muscle relaxants as an adjunct to anaethesia

26
Q

what are some uses of depolarizing blockers

A

continually stimulation of the NMJ by agonists causes muscle paralysis muscle contracts due to maintained depolarization but cannot repolarize causing loss of excitability.

27
Q

what do the vast majority of postganglionic sympathetic fibres release

A

noradrenaline to act either on alpha or beta adrenoreceptors

28
Q

what is adrenergic transmission

A

working on adrenaline or noradrenaline (or on their receptors).

When not further qualified, it is usually used in the sense of enhancing or mimicking the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the body.

29
Q

what is nor adrenaline release in presynaptic receptors regulated by

A

inhibitory presynaptic alpha adrenoceptors

30
Q

what is noradrenaline released by

A

post ganglionic sympathetic nerves

31
Q

what is adrenaline secreted by

A

adrenal gland

32
Q

what is dopamine

A

it is a central nervous system transmitter and precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline

33
Q

what is isoproterenol

A

synthetic catecholamine

34
Q

what is the mechanism by which tyrosine is converted to adrenaline (4 Steps)

TDNA

A

tyrosine + tyrosine hydroxylase = DOPA

DOPA + Dopa decarboxylase = Dopamine

Dopamine + Dopamine B hydroxylase = Noradrenaline

Noradrenaline + phenylethanolamine N Methyltransferase = adrenaline

35
Q

What does adrenaline do the arterial pressure

A

causes systolic + mean to rise (low)

diastolic drops (low)

36
Q

what does adrenaline do to heart rate

A

increases moderatly

37
Q

what does adrenal do to peripheral resistance

A

decrease low

38
Q

what does nor adrenaline do to arterial pressure

A

overall increase in systolic mean and diastolic

39
Q

what does noradrenaline do to heart rate

A

decreases low

40
Q

what does noradrenaline do to peripheral resistance

A

high increase

41
Q

what does isoprenaline do to arterial pressure

A

systolic increases low

diastolic decreases high

overall drop

42
Q

what does isoprenaline have on heart rate

A

moderate increase

43
Q

what does isoprenaline do to peripheral resistance

A

decreases

44
Q

how does sodium cause an overall increase in blood pressure

A

causes vasoconstriction which causes reflex bradycardia due to baroreceptor response due to acetyl choline action at vagal nerve causing higher bp

45
Q

what is an example of indirect sympathomimetics

A

systemic pseudophedrine is used as a nasal decongestant acts as substrate uptake system leading to noradrenaline and thus vasoconstriction of the mucosal blood vessels which in turn reduces oedema of the nasal mucosa

Therapeutics (50 decks)

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