W24 Smoking Flashcards
what is the problem with smoking
increases morbidity as well as mortality and increases the risk of
cancer
cardiovascular disease
respiratory disease
what are the 3 main causes of issues from a ciggarette
Tar
Carbon monoxide
Nicotine
what is tar
collective term for various particles suspended in cigarette smoke, these particles can cause cancer (carcinogens)
what does tar do
stick brown residue that can stain the lungs and teeth
what does tar do to the broncioles
narrows
increases secretion of mucous
decreased activity of cilia
development of cancers
what is carbon monoxide and what effect does it have
odourless gas that takes the place of oxygen in the blood by binding to haemoglobin 200 x more effectively than oxygen.
Describe how carbon monoxide leads to increased risk of CVD
CO replaces O2 in RBC
increase production of RBC making blood thicker
less o2 distributed to cells around the body
heart works harder increasing BP and heart rate
increased risk of CVD as reduced exercise tolerance leading to fatigue
what effect does nicotine have on the body
adversely affects every system in the body
how does nicotine affect the brain
disrupts activity
how does nicotine affect the heart and arteries
raises blood pressure and heart rate
how does nicotine affect the eyes
reduces peripheral vision
how does nicotine affect the metabolism
increases calories burned but decreases endurance by wasting energy in the effort.
how does nicotine affect the reproductive system
erectile dysfunction
fertility problems
how does nicotine affect the bones
osteoporosis
how does nicotine work
it disrupts normal neurotransmitter activity causing chemical changes and addiction.
how is addiction caused
activation of the reward pathway, administration leads to pleasure or elation giving positive reinforcement. Withdrawal symptoms occur when nicotine receptors are not activated
describe the mechanism of nicotine dependance
smoking delivers nicotine
nicotine travels to the brain quickly
dopamine released leading to feeling of pleasure or calmness
eventually dopamine drops leading to withdrawal symptoms
desire for another cigarette
what is second hand smoke
Second hand smoke (SHS) is the inhalation of other peoples smoke
what is SHS also known as
Passive smoking
environmental tobacco smoke
involuntary smoking
how does SHS affect adults
Lung cancer up by 24%
Heart disease up by 25%
Stroke
how do polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cig smoke affect the metabolism
they increase the activity of several liver enyzmes, this induction results in faster clearance of medication from the body reducing serum drug levels and decreasing efficacy.
what drugs are affected by the increase in activity of liver enzymes from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
theophylline
cinacalcet
ropinirole
antipsychotics
what are some barriers to smoking cessation
nicotine cravings and withdrawal symptoms
denial of the pleasurable effects of smoking
lack of motivation
fear of failure
social and situational triggers
worries about weight gain
concerns about the use of nicotine replacement therapy
habit sometimes as hard as nicotine addiction
Describe the effect of quiting smoking at different times
20 mins - BP and Pulse falls
8 Hours - Nicotine and CO levels in blood reduce by half o2 levels return to normal
24 hours - CO eliminated from the body, lungs start to clear mucus and smoking debris
48 hours - nicotine eliminated ability to taste and smell improved
72 hours - breathing easier, bronchial tubes begin to relax and energy levels increase
2 - 12 weeks - circulation improves
3 - 9 months - cough, wheezing and breathing problems improve as lung function increases by 10%
5 years - risk of heart attack falls to half relative to a smoke
10 years - risk of lung cancer falls to half that of smoker, risk of heart attack falls to same as someone who has never smoke
