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Anatomy > w8 nervous tissue > Flashcards

w8 nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what are appendages that are designed to receive communications from other cells

A

Dendrites

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2
Q

what typically passes info from the cell to something else

A

axon

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3
Q

what are classic examples of a unipolar neuron and these cells have somas where

A

cells that bring sensory in from the body
have somas in the dorsal root ganglion

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4
Q

only has one nerve process extending from the cell body (neurite) (typically single, long projection)

A

unipolar

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5
Q

only has one nerve process extending from the cell body (neurite) (typically single, long projection)

A

unipolar (pesudounipolar)

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6
Q

bipolar nueron cell examples

A

middle retina
olfactory bulb
ganglia of VIII CN

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7
Q

what ___polar cells are most numerous in the brain

A

multipolar

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8
Q

classic exampleof multipolar neuron

A

upper motor neurons in the primary motor cortex

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9
Q

Golgi type I vs Golgi type II (size and typically what)

A

type 1 - larger cell bodies, typically found in projection neurons
type 2 - smaller and typically local interneurons

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10
Q

Purkinje cells function

A

participate in the processes of motor control and learning. They are the only cells that emit signals from the cerebellar cortex that is the outer layer of the cerebellum

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11
Q

afferent vs efferent neurons

A

Afferent - carry information from sensory receptors of the skin and other organs TO the CNS (i.e., brain and spinal cord)

Efferent - carry motor information AWAY from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body.

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12
Q

interneuron

A

(locally within a given nucleus)

central nodes of neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system (CNS)
play vital roles in reflexes, neuronal oscillations, and neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain

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13
Q

resting membrane potential for neurons

A

-75 to -35 mv for inside (-70)

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14
Q

excitatory vs inhibitory signals more or less negative and more or less likely

A

excitatory - depolarizes (makes less negative) [more likely that cells will send info to other cells]
inhibitory - hyperpolarizes (makes more negative) [less likely that cells will send info to other cells]

(all or none potential)

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15
Q

axon hillock

A

connects cell body to axon

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16
Q

axon

A

allow neurons to transmit electrical and chemical signals to other cells

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17
Q

dendrites

A

appendages that are designed to receive communications from other cells

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18
Q

graded potentials associated w hat type gate channels and typically found on what

A

non-voltage gated channels

typically found on dendrites, soma, synaptic terminals

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19
Q

graded potential initiated on what and decrease w what 2 factors

A

initiated on dendrites
decrease w distance and time (proportional while action potential is all or none)

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20
Q

action and graded potential which one is long and short distance

A

action - long distance
graded - short distance

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21
Q

secretory potential is associated w release of what transmitters and what are 2 examples

A

release of neurotransmitter, hormones, pro-hormones

release of saliva from parotid gland

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22
Q

fiber type A-alpha Ia function

A

proprioception, stretch, primary muscle spindle afferents, motor efferent to muscles (extrafusal)

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23
Q

fiber type A-gamma II

A

muscle spindle (intrafusal) efferents

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24
Q

fiber type C IV

A

nociception - inflammatory or visceral pain, thermal sense

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25
Q

glial cells

A

do not transmit action potentials, but provide support, protection, and nutrition to neurons

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26
Q

oligodendrocytes location, and what does it form

A

wrap around the axons of neurons in the CNS
forms myelin sheath

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27
Q

what is a predominant type of glial cell in white matter of CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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28
Q

what is the most abundant glial cells in the CNS

A

astrocytes

29
Q

fibrous astrocytes and protoplasmic astrocytes are more abundant where

A

fibrous astrocytes - more abundant in white matter
protoplasmic astrocytes - more abundant in gray matter

30
Q

what cells line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, and secrete, circulate, and reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

31
Q

what is related to macrophages and antigen-presenting cells, having long branching processes, and are phagocytic antimicrobial cells of the CNS

32
Q

what is responsible for myelination of neurons,and found only in the PNS

A

schwann cells

33
Q

each schwann cell can myelinate how many axons

34
Q

what surrounds ganglion cells in both sensory and autonomic ganglia, and supports, insulates, and nourishes the ganglion cells

A

satellite cells

35
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of nerve cell bodies found throughout the body

36
Q

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, schwann cells, and satellite cells of ganglia are all what cells

A

glial cells

37
Q

CNS consist of what

A

brain and spinal cord

38
Q

brain is comprised of

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum

39
Q

what consist of the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

40
Q

cervical region location

A

cervical nerves (C1-8)

41
Q

thoracic region

A

thoracic nerves (T1-12)

42
Q

lumbar region

A

lumbar nerves (L1-5)

43
Q

sacral region

A

sacral nerves (S1-5)

44
Q

coccygeal region

A

coccygeal nerves (Coc1)

45
Q

cerebellum

A

movement and balance

46
Q

gray vs white matter

A

grey matter - contains the cell bodies, dendrites and the axon terminals, where all synapses are

white matter - made up of axons, which connect different parts of grey matter to each other

47
Q

cerebrum

A

regulates temperature and coordinates movement

48
Q

diencephalon

A

primary relay and processing center for sensory information and autonomic control

49
Q

midbrain

A

processing visual and auditory signals

50
Q

pons

A

unconscious processes such as sleep/wake cycle, breathing

51
Q

medulla oblongata

A

heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure

52
Q

peripheral nervous system consists of what

A

cranial and spinal nerves and associated gnaglia

53
Q

nerve pairings for PNS

A

cranial nerves 1-12
cervical nerves 1-8
thoracic nerves 1-12
lumbar nerves 1-5
sacral nerves 1-5
coccygeal nerves 1

54
Q

what is a cable-like bundle of nerve fibers (called axons) in the PNS

55
Q

what are the 3 connective tissue sheaths

A

endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium

56
Q

what shealth surrounds individual peripheral nerve fibers

A

endoneurium

57
Q

what shealth surrounds individual peripheral nerve fibers

composed of collagen fibers and occasional fibroblast
collagen in direct contact w either myelin of axons or axonal membrane of unmyelinated axons
continuous more abundant connective tissue of perinerurum

A

endoneurium

58
Q

what CT shealth surrounds groups of axons

few macrophages and fibroblast present

outermost layer composed of dense concentric layers of mostly longitudinal arranges strands of collagen

A

perineurium

59
Q

what CT sheath forms the dense external CT layer for ALL PERIPHERAL NERVES

A

epineurium

60
Q

what CT sheath forms the dense external CT layer for ALL PERIPHERAL NERVES

composed mostly of collagen and continuous w dura of cranial and spinal nerves
few fibroblast and elastic fibers are scattered throughout its extent
arteries penetrate this branch into several smaller arterioles

A

epineurium

61
Q

most capillares supplying the peripheral nerve fibers are located in this connective tissue sheaths

A

epineurium

62
Q

myelin is what color matter

A

white matter

63
Q

what is a lipid covering of soma axons that serves to increase the speed of neural conduction of information

64
Q

myelin is produced by what in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes (glial cells) - contribute myelin to several axons

65
Q

myelin is produced by what in the PNS

A

schwann cells

66
Q

myelin covers what in PNS

A

segment between 2 nodes of Ranvier

67
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps that speed up action potentials

68
Q

many diseases of the brain are actually of what

A

myelin covering of axon

Anatomy (19 decks)

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