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Anatomy > cell 1: cytoplasm > Flashcards

cell 1: cytoplasm Flashcards

1
Q

all cells originate from a

A

zygote, which undergoes repeated cell divisions

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2
Q

cells that have not differentiated and havent reached their mature form

A

stem cells

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3
Q

what does the cytoplasm consist of

A

cytosol
organelles
cytoskeleton
inclusions
everything except the nucleus

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4
Q

cell is separated from the external environment by what

A

the plasma membrane (plasmalemma)

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5
Q

what does the plasma membrane consist of

A

2 layers of phospholipid molecules
cholesterol

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6
Q

integral vs peripheral protein on the plasma membrane

A

integral - embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
peripheral - attached to the inner or outer surface

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7
Q

glycocalyx function and location and composition

A

-involved in cell recognition and attachment to other cells or extracellular matrix
-covers outer surface of the membrane
-made of glycolipids, glycoporteins - have carbohydrate molecules attached

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8
Q

water passes through what

A

aquaporins

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9
Q

endocytosis

A

the process of bringing materials into the cell

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10
Q

phagocytosis

A

-engulfing of bacterial, protozoa, dead cells or extracellular debris
-these materials become surrounded by membrane and form a phagosome (phagocytic vesicle)

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11
Q

what are 2 phagocytic cells

A

macrophages
neutrophils

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12
Q

pinocytosis

A

engulfing of extracellular fluid and dissolved materials

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13
Q

transcytosis

A

movement of pinocytic vesicles across a cell

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14
Q

clathrin

A

one of the main coating proteins

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15
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

after ligand binding to surface receptors, the receptor-ligand complex is engulfed in coated pits, eventually forming coated vesicles

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16
Q

a transient increase in what allows exocytosis to occur

A

increase in cytosolic Ca2+

17
Q

cells receive signals called

A

target cells

18
Q

endocrine signaling includes what

A

hormones

19
Q

how are hormones carried out

A

in the blood

20
Q

how does paracrine signaling work

A

chemical signals act on local cells

21
Q

how does autocrine signaling work

A

signals bind to receptors on the same

22
Q

how does synaptic signaling work

A

neurotransmitter molecules are released at special cell junctions, called synapses
chemical signals are converted to electrical signals

23
Q

how does hydrophilic signaling work

A

-typically polypeptide hormones or neurotransmitters
-activate receptors on cell surfaces
-channel-linked, enzymatic, G-protein-coupled
-signal transduced by second messenger, starting a cascade of biochemical events

24
Q

how does hydrophobic signaling work

A

-bind to carrier proteins, which transport signaling molecules in the bloodstream
-signaling molecules are released, penetrate the plasma membrane, and bind to intracellular receptors
-receptor-hormone complex moves into the nucleus, binds to DNA, prompting gene transcription

25
Q

what is synthesized in ribosome nucleolus and why does it stain intensely basophilic

A

rTNA syntehsized
bc of phosphates

26
Q

what does rough ER do and stains basophilic bc of what

A

segregation of proteins not destined for cytosol, assembly of multichain proteins, posttranslational changes of newly formed peptides
bc of ribosomes

27
Q

does smooth ER have ribosomes and what is its function

A

-synthesis of membrane phospholipids
-steroid synthesis
-degradation of toxins and drugs
-sequestering Ca2+ ions (in SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM of muscle)

28
Q

golgi apparatus roles

A

-modifies proteins (glycosylation, sulfation, phosphorylation, proteolysis)
-packages, concentrates and stores secretory products in VESICLES

29
Q

ZYGOGEN GRANULES contain what

A

digestive enzymes

30
Q

secretory vesicles/granulues originate from where and function

A

originate from golgi apparatus
store secretion products until release is stimulated by metabolic, hormonal, or neural message

31
Q

lysosome contains what enzymes

A

hydrolytic enzymes in acid pH
“-eases”

32
Q

lysosomes are abundant in what cells

A

phagocytic cells

33
Q

lysosomes formed where and proteins labeled w what

A

formed by golgi apparatus
proteins labled with MANNOSE-6-PHOSPHATE (M6P)

34
Q

w lysosomes, what remains after digestion and contains undigested materials

A

RESIDUAL BODY

35
Q

ETC enzymes embedded where and matrix enzymes involved w what

A

ETC enzymes embedded in inner membrane
matrix enzymes involved w citric acid cycle

36
Q

proteasome roles

A

(cylindrically shaped cytoplasmic protein complexes)
-recognize ubiquitin-labled proteins
-degrade denatured or nonfunctional proteins
-remove proteins not needed by the cell (thus, limit time of protein activity)

37
Q

peroxisome function and how

A

-utilize oxygen to make hydrogen peroxide
-catalase in peroxisome breaks down H2O2

38
Q

what are inclusions

A

nonmotile, non-metabolic
-are not organelles
-ex: fat droplets, glycogen granules, lipofuscin granules

Anatomy (19 decks)

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