Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Introduction To Health And Addiction Science > W7: Social, personality and cultural impacts on health > Flashcards

W7: Social, personality and cultural impacts on health Flashcards

Lecture

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Macro-social influences are - (2)

A

Large-scale social, economic, political, and cultural forces that influence the life course of people simultaneously

(influences that are out of our control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Examples of macro-social influences are (6)

A
  1. Actions and policies of governmental organizations
  2. Cultures
  3. Historical legacies
  4. Organized religions
  5. Multinational corporations and banks
  6. Unpredictable, large-scale environmental events (e.g Covid-19)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dominant public health policy assumes individuals are responsible for their own health

Illness is due to …

A

Illness due to personal lifestyle is seen as fault of the individual, not a consequence of macro-social influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Epidemiology is the

A

Study of disease, death, determinants, and consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Two types of diseased epidemiologists that are concerned with (2)

A
  • Communicable diseases
  • Non-communicable diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Epidemiology - communicable disease (2)

A

Communicable diseases spread from one person to another

e.g., influenza, HIV, polio, COVID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Epidemiology - non- communicable (chronic) disease (3)

A

Non-communicable (chronic) diseases have long duration and slow progression

e.g., cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes

Leading cause of death in the world (63% according to WHO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cultural differences - As a country’s economy becomes larger (2) (e.g USA/UK)

A

Communicable diseases decrease

Non-communicable (chronic) diseases increase - Associated with access to alcohol, tobacco, and processed foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cultural differences

Low and middle-income countries go through the transition between the prevalence of these diseases

A

Often face a double burden with high prevalence of both (communicable vs non-communicable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Socioeconomic status (SES) is… (2)

A
  1. Measure of wealth, education, and status
  2. Higher SES = better health and longer life expectancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Social capital is

A

How many resources you have based on number of social relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Social capital is measured by (4)

A
  1. Community engagement
  2. Trust and safety in the community
  3. Reciprocity in community
  4. Diversity in community
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Social capital mindmap

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Certain communities have greater social capital and often have more

A

positive health outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gender differences - Lifespan (2)

A

Men die earlier than women, but women have poorer health

In less developed countries, men still live longer than women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gender differences - Illness type (3)

A

Women suffer more non-fatal illnesses (e.g cold) and are hospitalized more often

Women have twice the rate of depression compared to men

Men have higher rates of injuries, suicides, homicides, and heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gender Differences - Psychosocial and lifestyle differences among women (7)

A
  1. Childbirth
  2. Rape
  3. Domestic violence
  4. Sexism
  5. Work inequalities
  6. Concern about weight
  7. Divided attention between roles of parent and worker
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Gender stereotypes (3)

A
  • Social constructs of masculinity and femininity affect health behaviors
  • Men are more likely than women to adopt risky behaviours - sterotypically
  • Women are more likely to engage in health-protective behaviours - sterotypically
19
Q

Biological justifications for these social constructs in gender stereotypes?

A

Neurosexism - does not exist since men more likely to engage than women in risky behaviours is just society driven than biological

20
Q

The health of minority groups is generally poorer than that of the majority of the population

due to… - (4)

A
  1. Racism
  2. Ethnocentrism
  3. SES
  4. Genetics
21
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

one’s own culture is superior to all others and is the standard by which all other cultures should be ..

22
Q

Racism is when

A

Minority racial and ethnic groups are the subject of discrimination at a number of different levels

23
Q

Racism and health (2)

A

Discrimination in the health care system reduces access to the system and poorer levels of communication

Racism-related stress a predictor of poor health

24
Q

Racism is know to be a longest contributor to

A

health disparities in most countries

25
Q

Two pathways from racism to poor health - Stress response

A

Stress response

  • Direct, short-term consequences
  • Chronic, long-term consequences
26
Q

Racism and stress

Direct-short-term stress consequences of experiencing racism (3)

A
  1. Activation of HPA axis
  2. Heightened blood pressure
  3. Excess cortisol release
27
Q

Racism and stress

Chronic, long-term consequence/stress response of prolonged racist experiences (3)

A

Blunted stress response

Changes in HPA responsiveness - only respond to extreme stresses and not minor stresses

Chronic inflammation (interleukins)

28
Q

Racism and stress - behavioural adaptations (2)

A

Those who faced discrimination constantly lead to maladaptive coping mechanisms

such as alcohol and substance abuse (most attention)

29
Q

Long-term impacts of racism

Gibbons et al. (2004;2014) - (3)

A
  • Experiences of Black Americans longitudinally measured
  • Racism assessed at age 10/11
    • This predicted mental health and substance use 5 years later
30
Q

Experience discrimination, sexism, racism (any type)

Acuet stress response (2)

A
  • Fight or flight
  • HPA activity
31
Q

Experience discrimination, sexism, racism (any type)

Anticipation for future discrimination (3) - that’s why health consequences happens

A
  • Anxiety for future racism/sexism

Anticipatory stress and rumination

Dysregulates homeostasis

32
Q

Anticipation of future discrimination research

Gender stigma consciousness

A

Seeing higher frequency/quantity of alcohol use in women with those with higher stigma consciousness than those with low stigma consciousness

33
Q

Stigma leads to

A

the unfavourable reaction towards people when they are perceived to possess attributes that are undesirable

34
Q

Stigma underlies discrimination in which stigma means

A

there is devalued social identitiy

35
Q

Stigma leads to the source of: (4)

A

Physical and psychological stress

Denial of employment opportunities

Restricted access to sevices

Social exclusion

36
Q

Stigma affects health

For example stereotype threat

A

ST is the idea of conforming to negative stereotypes about a group

37
Q

Stigma affects health

ST can lead to… (3)

A

Heightened cardiovascular activity

Poorer academic performance

Disengagement and axiety

38
Q

Cost of stereotype threat

Self-control failure (2)

A

When stereotypes are made aware to someone who is a minority, they have to suppress their emotions or behaviours (e.,g feeling sad) to maintain an outward appearence­

After prolonged suppression of emotions or behaviour, subsequent behaviors are impacted

39
Q

Stereotype Threat - stigma affect health

A

­Vick et al 2008 research

40
Q

Cross-cultural psychology (2)

A

­Culture as fixed system of beliefs, meanings, and symbols that belong to a group of people who speak a common language

­Examine cultural differences in approaches to health

41
Q

What things influence health other than the dominant health policy (individuals are responsible for their health) -(7)

A
  1. Social capital
  2. Macro-social influences
  3. Cultural differences - countries income - communicable vs non-communicable
  4. SES on health
  5. Social capital
  6. Gender Differences
  7. Racism-related stress
42
Q

Alternative medicines (6) - Homeopathy

A

Use of substances to trigger the body’s natural healing system

A substance that can cause symptoms when taken in large
doses can be used to treat the same symptoms when taken in
smaller doses

  • Nightshade
  • Poison ivy
  • Stinging nettle
  • Apricot seeds (cyanide)
43
Q

Alternative medicines (4) - Herbal medicine

A

Use of plants to treat illnesses or promote well-being

In the UK, about 1 in 3 adults take herbal medicine

  • ~20% in the US

Inconclusive evidence for most popular herbal remedies

Introduction To Health And Addiction Science (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions