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Introduction To Health And Addiction Science > W2: Nervous System > Flashcards

W2: Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

A
  • Consists of the brain and the spinal cord
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2
Q

What does the Periphal Nervous System (PNS) consist of?

A
  • Consist of everything else expect the brain and spinal cord
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3
Q

CNS

The cortex of the brain is responsible for… (4)

A
  • Processing information
  • Synthesis info from outside world and comparison
  • Output and action
  • Central executive
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4
Q

CNS

What is the prenatal cortex of the brain responsible for?

A

Decision making

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5
Q

Hypothalamus function - subcortical structures (2)

A
  • Maintains homeostasis
  • Stimulates the pituitary gland
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6
Q

PNS has two divisions - (2)

A
  • Somatic Nervous System
  • Autonomic Nervous System
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7
Q

PNS

What is the responsibility of the somatic nervous system?

A

To respond to the external environment

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8
Q

PNS

What is the function of the somatic nervous system? (2)

A
  • It controls motor neurons that operate skeletal muscles
  • It is associated with the voluntary control of body movements via the use of the skeletal muscles
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9
Q

PNS

Autonomic Nervous System (2)

A
  • Controls and regulates (expand/dilate/constrict) smooth muscles that are in the stomach, blood vessels, heart etc
  • The autonomic nervous system is associated with involuntary movements
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10
Q

Two divisions in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are..

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
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11
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

The organism experiences a major stressor in the enviroment

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12
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

Two neurotransmitters primarily associated is…

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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13
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

Activates the body to help cope with demands (e.g., stress) which makes the body.. (5)

A
  • Increases pulse, heart rate and respiration to provide the body with resources (primarily oxygen and glucose)
  • The blood pressure increases which shifts blood supply towards internal organs
  • Pupils dilate
  • Reduces digestive activity
  • Sweat is also released to cool a body which heats up
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14
Q

Neurotransmitter associated with the parasympathetic nervous sytem is

A

Acetylcholine

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15
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system or also known the rest and digestive

Function (3)

A
  • Slows activity of organs to conserve energy for future use
  • Also activates digestion to renew energy
  • Increases digestive functions and sexual appetite
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16
Q

When the sympathetic nervous system is more active, the parasympathetic system is

A

less active

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17
Q

The body is constantly fluctuating between the

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

18
Q

While breathing in (taking oxygen into the lungs)

The parasympathetic influence is removed temporarily which (2)

A
  • Inhibits the influence of the vagus nerve
  • Heart rate accelerated briefly (influence of sympathetic nervous system)
19
Q

Why is heart rate increasing advantageous when breathing in?

A

To bring in newly oxygenated blood in the blood stream

20
Q

What is the vagnus nerve?

A

(bundle of axons that go down the spinal cord that responsible for parasympathetic functions)

21
Q

When breathing out, the parasympathetic influence is active! (2)

A
  • The vagus nerve inhibits the sympathetic activity
  • Heart rate decreases as a result
22
Q

Capture individual differences in the fluctuation of influence between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems with

A
  • Heart rate variability (HRV) OR also known as respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)
23
Q

There are individual differences in fluctuation in heart rate at rest

The larger the fluctuations (breathe in and large acceleration of heart rate and large spread between heartbeats) - (3)

A

Constantly switching between sympathetic vs parasympathetic activation

More advantageous as easily able to adapt to new situations

Therefore better coping with stress

24
Q

If someone has a static and constant heart rate as they have a huge influence of the parasympathetic activity

If they are put into a stressful situation , can be longer for them to

A

Adjust and switch to the sympathetic nervous system to cope with that stress

25
Q

Diagram of heart rate variability in ECG

A
  • Spread out is exhaling and heart peaks in breathing in
26
Q

SAM axis stands for the

A

Sympathetic-Adrenal-Medullary axis

27
Q

SAM axis stimulates the

A

sympathetic nervous system (fight/flight)

28
Q

SAM axis is quick to stimulate sympathetic nervous system as (2)

A

uses bundles of the nerve that go down along the spinal cord

As electrical impulses go down the spinal cord its active

29
Q

SAM axis stimulates hormone release

Stimulates hormones such as (2)

A
  • Adrenaline
  • Noradrenaline
30
Q

Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter

Hormone equivalent

A

Noradrenaline

31
Q

Epinephrine is a neurotransmitter

Hormone equivalent

A

Adrenaline (immediate burst of energy that occurs for a short time)

32
Q

SAM axis is activated initally for

A

short-term response to stress

33
Q

SAM axis fights against the

A

vagus nerve

34
Q

Vagal tone is the influence the body currently has over the

A

vagus nerve

35
Q

Vagus nerve is in direct competition with the

A

SAM axis

36
Q

Vagal tone stimulates the

A

parasympathetic nervous sytem (rest/digest) system quickly with electrical impulses going down the spinal cord

37
Q

Vagal tone stimulates the release of acetylcholine which

A

Used for (smooth) muscle movement (e.g., stimulate stomach to do its job and get resources like glucose to store it for later)

38
Q

(HRV) is the difference between the

A

vagal and SAM activity

39
Q

Diagram of the Organisation of the Nervous System

A
40
Q

Sam axis, vagus nerve, sympathetic and parasympathetic affect

A

the cardiovascular system

41
Q

Stress impacts 2 important aspects of the cardiovascular system

A

Heart Rate

Blood pressure

42
Q

Influence of heart rate and blood pressure depends (2)

A

on appaisal of stress

So activation of SAM axis or HPA axis depends not only on biological but psychological perception on the stressor

Introduction To Health And Addiction Science (18 decks)

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