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Introduction To Health And Addiction Science > W4: Immune System > Flashcards

W4: Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

We measure the immune system the same way we measure cortisol

A

Through saliva and blood

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2
Q

What is the immune system?

A

Consists of cells, tissues and molecules that facilitate resistance to infections (keep you healthy)

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3
Q

What is immunity?

A

Resistance of pathogens and their toxic effects

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4
Q

What is the immune response?

A

A coordinated response to foreign substances in the body

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5
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A pathogen is usually defined as a microorganism that causes, or can cause, disease.

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6
Q

A pathogen can be cellular (living) such as.. (4) and what they cause..?

A
  • Parasities –> Tapeworm
  • Protozoa —> Malaria
  • Fungi —> Athlete’s foot
  • Prokaryote (i.e bacteria) –> Leprosy
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7
Q

A pathogen can also be acellular (non-living) - (2)

A
  • Virus – > AIDS
  • Prion –> CJD
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8
Q

Role of the immune system is to provide defense against

A
  • pathogens and foreign substances
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9
Q

Role of the immune system is responsible to maintain homeostasis

Even when you are not ill/immune system is working normal

Homestasis will…. (2)

A
  • Protection against the growth of tumour cells
  • Destruction of abnormal or dead cells
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10
Q

Immune system is a functional system and NOT a (2)

A

NOT an organ system - no specific location immune system is located

It is everywhere

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11
Q

The innate immune system has two functions (2)|

A
  • External defences
  • Internal defences
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12
Q

External defences of the immune system are

Skin

A
  • Skin allows to resist infections and providing a passive physical barrier against infection
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13
Q

External defences of the immune system

Flushing action (3)

A
  • Flushing action of urine, saliva and tears serves to carry microbes away from the body
  • The flushing action of urine is responsible for the normally sterile environment of the urinary tract.
  • When microbes/debris that are in the eye are flushed out by the tears in the eyes
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14
Q

Internal defences of the immune system is in the

A

Blood

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15
Q

What is composed in the blood? (3)

A
  • Red blood cells - move oxygenated blood
  • Plasma contains proteins (build muscle, restore energy, create enzymes, hormones) and cytokines (NT used in immune sys to communicate to other cells)
  • White blood cells
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16
Q

What are the different types of white blood cells? (3)

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
  • Lymphocytes
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17
Q

Neutrophils (3)

A
  • Most abundant WBC (~50-60%) in the blood
  • Not stationary and move
  • Efficient phagocytes
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18
Q

What is a phagocyte?

A

Cell which absorbs bacteria and other small cells and particles

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19
Q

Example of Neutrophils (2)

A
  • They float around bloodstream
  • See something that shouldn’t be there and they engulf it/break it down
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20
Q

Macrophages (3)

A
  • Largest stationery cells tissues
  • Found mostly at likely sites of infections
    • Digests cellular debris, foreign substances, cancer cells and anything else that is not specific to healthy body
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21
Q

Macrophages placed at sites of infections such as (2)

A
  • Stomach and intestine
  • Lungs
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22
Q

Example of macrophages (3)

A
  • Like a bodyguard
  • Anything we inhale in the lungs has to go through macrophages first
  • If let pass macrophages (may be too small) then neutrophils break it down
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23
Q

Lymphocytes (4)

A
  • It is a type of white blood cell
    • There are T-lymphocytes
    • B - Lymphocytes, plasma cells
    • Natural Killer cells
24
Q

Function of lymphocytes (2)

A
  • Kill virus/bacteria-infected cells
  • Kills cancer cells
25
Q

Lymphocytes are used when… (3)

A
  • Neutrophils float around and collect anything foreign substances
  • Macrophages stop this from happening in the first place (above) being a bodyguard in bloodstream, lungs and stomach
  • If these defences are not effective and infect cells , kill cell -lymphocyte
26
Q

Lymphocytes are identifiable by

A

large nucleus

27
Q

Natural killer cells

when its a health/uninfected cell

A
  • Natural killer cell (NK) recognises receptors on a healthy cell and does not kill it
28
Q

Natural killer cells

when its a infected cells that does not present receptors

A
  • NK cells release enzymes and kill cell and kill both host cells and pathogens
29
Q

One of the receptors that NK cells checks on a cell is

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

30
Q

TLRs are

A
  • Proteins on membranes of cells
31
Q

TLRs are found on the outside of (3)

A
  • Macrophages
  • Neurons (dendrites)
  • Skin (epithelial) cells
32
Q

TLRs look out for (2)

A

Pathogens

If a pathogen attaches to one of the receptors on outside of cell, alert rest of body to have an immune response

33
Q

If TLRs find one of the pathogens (attached to one of the receptors) - (3)

A

Trigger events to kill or protect against it

They are immune sensors

They release cytokines (NT for the immune system)

34
Q

Diagram of TLRs example - look out for non-healthy pathogens

A
35
Q

Cytokines (2)

A
  • Small proteins secreted by cells of the immune system
  • Affect the behaviour of other cells by releasing molecules
36
Q

Three types of cytokines (3)

A
  1. Interferons
  2. Interleukins
  3. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) - release stuff to kill tumour cells
37
Q

Inferons (3)

A
  • Proteins produced and released by virus-infected cells
    • Secrete proteins interfere with virus replication
    • Warn neighboring cell that a virus is around
38
Q

Interferons diagram (3)

A
  • Warn neighbouring uninfected cells that a virus is around to destroy RNA and reduce protein synthesis
  • Signals neighbouring infected cells to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
  • OR it will activate the immune response within the cell itself
39
Q

Interleukins

Several interleukins are released if the cell is detected of being attacked/infected by pathogens

How many interleukins?

A

1-37

40
Q

Interleukins are (2)

A
  • Not stored inside cells
  • Quickly synthesised and secreted in response to infection
41
Q

Interleukins are responsible with the immune system to do.. (4)

A
  • growth) of immune cells
  • Increase antibody production
  • Activation of immune cells
  • Deal with Inflammation
42
Q

When a cell detects potential virus/bacteria

Interleukin 6 can be

A

activated

43
Q

Interleukin 6 primarily responsible for/plays a role in both

A

Immune responses

Inflammation

44
Q

What 2 things interleukin 6 do?

A
  • Raises body temperature (fever) to kill viruses and bacteria
  • Stimulates HPA axis (cortisol release)
45
Q

Why does interleukin 6 stimulate the HPA axis (cortisol release)? - (2)

A
  • If there is large amounts of interleukin 6
  • Body releases cortisol, which suppresses the immune system, to lower the levels of interleukin 6 to maintain homeostasis - keep the balance
46
Q

What happens in inflammation? (6)

A
  • Blood vessels in tissue dilate (widen) to allow more blood to reach the infected or injured area
    • Inflamed areas look red and feel hot due to increased blood
    • Increased blood flow allows immune cells to reach the infected area
    • This allows immune cells to pass through blood vessels to enter the tissue
      • Excess fluid in inflamed areas cause swelling
      • Inflammation accelerates healing process
47
Q

Diagram of inflammation (2)

A
  • Remove spliter the skin swells up
  • Interleukin responsible: Skin becomes red - blood is pooling there in the skin and tissues so WBC can fight any foreign substances from cut
48
Q

Inflammation (adapative)

A

Adaptive short-term

49
Q

Long-term or repeated inflammation (constantly hurting/stress) can lead to:

A
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Cancer (damages DNA)
50
Q

How can long-term inflammation lead to cardiovascular disease?

A
  • High inflammation body releases cortisol again to balance interkeuns 6 which can increase BP and heart workers harder.
51
Q

How can long-term inflammation lead to cancer? (3)

A
  • When you are inflamed for prolonged periods
  • immune system is not able to effectively check if there is no cancerous cells or no abnormal cells
  • Since cortisol release (by HPA axis) suppresses the immune system
52
Q

Interleukin 6 is mediated by

A

(Chronic , long-term/repeated) inflammation

53
Q

Sympathetic Nervous Activity

Stress typically (2)

A

Suppresses immune functioning - Usually temporary

Allocate resources away from the immune system to overcome the stressor

54
Q

Long-term response to stress triggers HPA axis (4)

A
  • Relseases Cortisol
  • Cortisol directly inhibits/suppresses the functioning of the immune system
  • This reduces the release of cytokines (interleukin 6)
    • reduces the production of immune cells and checking for cancerous cells
55
Q

In chronic stress (continously experience stress)

Immune sys eventually resists suppression of cortisol

Which means.. - (3)

A
      • Still get heightened cortisol release but now it is not suppressing the release of interleukin 6, WBC and other cytokines
      • Two sys working in conjunction that should not be working together - cortisol release (heart working faster) and part of parasympathetic system (immune system)
      • Dysregulation of the immune system and HPA axis - both not working at optimal capacity
56
Q

Chronic stress - dysregulation of immune sys and HPA axis has compounded effects on the body such as..(3)

A

Higher rates of inflammation from interleukin 6

Oxidative stress on molecules

Hypertension from HPA axis

Introduction To Health And Addiction Science (18 decks)

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