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Introduction To Health And Addiction Science > W2: Cardiovascular Methods > Flashcards

W2: Cardiovascular Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

advantageous to measure the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

Not susceptible to self-report biases as (2)

A
  • These measurements are of automatic and uncontrollable responses so people can not lie about their heart rate or change it
  • This is useful when studying sensitive topics
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2
Q

Advantageous to measure to autonomic nervous system

Allows for moment-to-moment reactions and therefore (2)

A
  • Allows to track for changes in activity
  • Which allows deeper understanding of physiological processes inside the body
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3
Q

Advantageous of measuring ANS

as may precede conscious awanress (2)

Theory + example (2)

A
  • Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion - physiology precedes psychology
  • See bear and heart rate increases and sweat and run and after all that stuff occurs then you feel that you are scared and that’s why you are scared
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4
Q

Advantageous of measuring ANS

Patterns of cardiovascular activity is linked to vulnerabilities in (2)

A

Mental and physical health

Can be used as a risk factor for cause or progression

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5
Q

Measuring ANS Activity Options (4)

A
  • Electrodermal activity (or also known as galvanic skin response)
  • Cardiovascular activity
    • Blood pressure
    • Heart rate
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6
Q

Electrodermal activity (EDA) measures the response of (2)

A

sweat glands

Measures anxiety/stress/arousal

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7
Q

Electrodermal activity (EDA) measures the response of sweat glands

Mostly densely located in the

A

hands and soles of the feet (get very sweaty there)

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8
Q

EDA measures the response of sweat glands because

A

sympathetic activation stimulates sweat glands to overcome a stressor in the environment

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9
Q

Measure EDA through skin conductance which is measured by

A
  • apply sensors to the arm which passes a small electrical current through the skin
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10
Q

Measuring EDA

Skin conductance assesses

A

The resistance to the electrical current to the skin

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11
Q

Measuring EDA

High and less resistance (2)

A

Less resistance = more sweat there and assume more sympathetic activation is going on and more anxious

High resistance = vice versa

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12
Q

Resistence is the opposite of

A

Condutance

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13
Q

Skin conductance is measured in

A

Microsiemens

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14
Q

The more emotionally aroused an individual is, the more the SCR (skin condutance)

A

amount is increased

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15
Q

Skin conductance is not immediate, it takes

A

time

It could be minutes after we stress someone out to see their sweat appear and condutance increase

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16
Q

Since skin condutance is not immediate

we can examine

A
  • “Phases” of change
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17
Q

Since skin condutance is not immediate

we can examine phases of change and tend to average over large periods of time of skin conductance as…

A
  • Conductance changes slowly over longer periods (minutes)
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18
Q

Recording skin condutance (EDA)

Procedure (2)

A
  • Ag/Ag CL (silver) electrodes placed on the fingers or plans (these conductive to electricity)
  • Prepare before applying electrodes by cleaning skin (via water or alcohol) and applying electrolyte gel (containing KCL or NaCL - salt- conductive)
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19
Q

Recording skin condutance (EDA)

Why apply electrolyte gel to electrode

A

Allows for better recording of signal

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20
Q

Analysing conductance

Cleaning the data with smoothing fitlers as raw data is messy as (2)

A
  • Movement artefacts (if you move slightly then causes data to move around and shift)
  • Missing data: Moving too quickly (e.g., sneezes) creates temporarily disconnection of gel and sensors
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21
Q

Analysing conductance

How to deal with missing data? (2)

A
  • Replaces missing data with estimations made by software
  • Use regression-bases algorithms
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22
Q

Cardiovascular measures

Options (4)

A
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG)
  • Respiration
  • Impedance cardiography (ICG)
  • Blood pressure (BP)
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23
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

The heart produces

A

Electrical signals

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24
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Electrodes capture the

A

depolarisation of ventricles in the heart

25
Q

ECG measures the activity of electrical signals in the heart that is represented as (2)

A

Points on the ECG waveform

QRS complex - R point when heart is depolarised after it pushes blood out to the rest of the body

26
Q

How to compute heart rate variability

A

ECG

27
Q

What measurements do you get from ECG? - (2)

A
  • Heart rate (amount of R points per minute)
  • Heart rate variability (average distances between R points) - large distance more advantageous of stress and switching between systems
28
Q

Impedance cardiography (ICG) -(3)

A

Estimate changes in blood flow in the heart

  • How much blood ejected during each heart beat?
  • Volume of blood (stroke volume)
29
Q

Impedance cardiography (ICG)

electrodes placed on torso (2)

A

Outer sensors send electrical current

Inner sensors detect resistance of current

30
Q

ICG

As blood volume increases

A

Resistence increases!

31
Q

ICG relates to

A

ECG

32
Q

Blood pressure (BP)

Systolic blood pressure - (2)

A

Peak arterial pressure

Heart is pushing blood through your system

33
Q

Blood pressure (BP)

Diastolic blood pressure - (2)

A

Lowest arterial pressure

When the heart stopped beating - heart is refractory period before going to next heart beat

34
Q

Systolic and diaolstic blood pressure

While often correlated/related, they provide

A

unique information

35
Q

Blood pressure on graph (4)

A
  • Blood pressure increases as blood flows into the aorta of heart
  • Then max (systolic) pressure reaches at the peak
  • As the aortic value closes, blood pressure falls as blood flows out of aorta of heart
  • Then reaches minium (diasoltic) pressure
36
Q

Systolic and diastolic - While often correlated, they provided unique information

Increased systolic, but not diastolic =

A

Adaptive stress response

37
Q

Systolic blood pressure is how much blood you are pushing out

The pressure your blood is

A

being resistant against

38
Q

Systolic pressure = amount of effort (2)

A
  • Heart is beating faster - more effort to push blood through the system and working against the blood vessels
  • Increase blood pressure as a result
39
Q

High systolic blood pressure is more indicative of (3)

A

Poor health - heart worker harder than rest of the body

predicts development of heart disease

hypertension (increased arterial pressure) causes wear

40
Q

Low systolic blood pressure (3)

A
  • Heart is working cooperatively with your blood pressure
  • Not much resistance to let blood pass through the system
  • No pressure build up
41
Q

High Systolic blood pressure predicts the development of heart disease

Hypertension (increased arterial pressure) causes wear (2)

A
  • If you are constantly working against your blood vessels and pushing blood through restricted passages causes wear and tear and damage heart and blood vessels
42
Q

Blood pressure (BP)

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A
  • Ratio of systolic and diastolic pressure
  • Often reported instead of diasoltic/systolic pressure
  • Weighted average of systolic and diastolic pressure
  • 2 parts diastolic
  • 1 part systolic
43
Q

Blood pressure (BP)

Diagram Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A
44
Q

Blood pressure

Total peripheral resistence (4)

A
  • Ratio of blood flow vs restrictions
  • Capture how much blood we are pushing through our body vs how much resistance there is to that blood flow
  • A lot of blood through your heart and low resistance = body working adaptively - blood easily pass
45
Q

If we believe we can overcome a stressor..

A

Challenged state (positive stress state)

46
Q

Challenged state is where -(3)

A
  • SAM axis is activated for short-term response to the stress
  • Increased blood output and higher heart rate
  • Lower blood pressure due to reduced restriction of blood flow (blood easily gets where it needs to go to make you feel relaxed)
47
Q

Example of a challenged state (2)

A
  • Well-prepared and studied for an exam
  • Exam is stressful but felt like you did good
48
Q

If we are unsure whether we can overcome a stressor…

A

Threatened state

49
Q

Threatened state (2)

Physiologically what happens..?

A
  • SAM axis is engaged (short-term response) as well as the HPA axis (long-term response)
  • On a physiological level, there is little to no change in blood output due to restriction of arteries that causes high blood pressure.
50
Q

Threatened state example - (3)

A
  • Hangover for exam
  • Show late for exam
  • Didn’t study for exam
51
Q

Vick et al. 2017

Challenge and threat states results from (2)

A

Evaluation of situational demands and personal resources

Both influenced by cognitive and affective (moods, feelings)

52
Q

Vick et al 2017

Situations in where challenge and threat emerge from is + examples (2)

A

Situations defined as goal-relevant and task engaging that require cognitive or cognitive-behavioural responses

For example, delivering a speech, taking a test

53
Q

Challenged vs threat in terms of resources (2)

A
  • Resources are evaluated as equalling or exceeding situational demands, challenge motivation results
  • When demands are evaluated as outweighing the resources to cope with task then threat mtoviation results
54
Q

Vick et al. (2017)

Method -(3)

A
  • 141 psychological students - male and female
  • Individual participants assigned to one of two stereotype threat conditions of gender-biased or gender-fair.
  • Cardiovascular response was collected continuously during the conditions while they took a quantitative comparison test to test their maths ability
55
Q

Vick et al. (2017)

Findings (2)

A
  • Women were relatively threatened during a performance when task was characterised as gender-biased whereas men were relatively challenged when they believed gender-differences in performance were expected.
  • Women were relatively challenged during a performance when the task was characterised as gender-fair, whereas men were relatively threatened when they believed they were taking a non-biased test.
56
Q

HRV is a index (indicator) of vagal tone and reflects the balance between

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic.

57
Q

Sympathetic nervous system activation accelerates heart rate (HR) and decrease HRV, whereas parasympathetic nervous system decelerates HR and

A

increases HRV.

58
Q

What cardiovascular measurements did Vick et al (2017) obtained?

A

impedance cardiography, electro-cardiography and continuous blood pressure equipment

Introduction To Health And Addiction Science (18 decks)

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