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Introduction To Health And Addiction Science > W3: Measuring Hormones > Flashcards

W3: Measuring Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

The negative feedback loop is responsible for

A

Regulating hormones

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2
Q

Controlling hormone - NE Feedback loop

Circulating hormones are monitored

A

By the brain (hypothalamus)

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3
Q

In the negative feedback loop

If levels of hormones below setpoint/threshold

A

Increases the release of hormones

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4
Q

In the negative feedback loop

If levels of hormones are above setpoint/threshold

A

Decreased release of hormones

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5
Q

There is fluctuation of HPA activity

A

throughout the day

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6
Q

Fluctuation of HPA activity throughout the day provides energy to body regardless of

A

stress

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7
Q

Fluctuation in HPA activity throughout the day

Increased cortisol in the morning and then

A

traila off throughout the day

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8
Q

Fluctuations in HPA axis throughout the day

Natural release of cortisol is regulated by the

A

superchiasmatic nucleus

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9
Q

Superchiamastic nucleus (SCN) is located in

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

The superchaismatic nucleus is responsible for

A

Controlling the circadian rhythm/biological clock

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11
Q

HPA axis increases activity during stress which disrupts the

A

diurnal (daily) cortisol curve

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12
Q

Physiological influence of stress

Inital stress response engages the SAM axis which… (3)

A
  • Increases heart rate
  • Releases epinephrine/norepinephrine (i.e., adrenaline)
  • This is a short-term stress response
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13
Q

Physiological influence of stress

What if the SAM activity does not fade? (2)

A
  • The stressor is more intense than atnicipated
  • Body needs to engage in long-term stress response (HPA axis)
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14
Q

During early stress response, HPA is excited by (2) - hormones

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
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15
Q

Once HPA axis is engaged, hormones such as cortisol , epinephrine and norepinephrine have

A

inhibitory effects on HPA axis to maintain setpoint for stress response

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16
Q

Norepinephrine is excitatory and inhibitory? (2)

A
  • Different effects on glutamate (excitation) and GABA (inhibition) neurons in the hypothalamus
  • Norepinephrine effects differ based on the presence of cortisol
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17
Q

Issues with measuring hormones

Since hormones are constantly fluctuating, how do we know if our

A

Manipulations are responsible for this fluctuation

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18
Q

Since hormones are constantly fluctuating, how do we know if our manipulations are responsible?

Overcome? (2)

A

Possibly control for confounding variables

Be aware of constant potential influences

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19
Q

Addressing an issue that hormones fluctuate constantly

(2)

A
  • Record and control for time of study
  • Run studies at consistent time each day
20
Q

Run studies at a consistent time each day to address issue of hormones fluctuating

When is it best to run study? (4)

A
  • Studies run in the afternoon have stronger effect
  • Since hormone at physiological ceiling in the morning
  • There is individual differences affect morning hormone levels
  • So best to run in the afternoon
21
Q

Issue with measuring hormones

Biological influences on hormones problem (3)

A
  • Sex hormones flctuate based on menstrual cycle
  • Presence of these hormone vary based on phase of menstrual cycle
  • Estrogen has downstream effects on other hormones
22
Q

Biological influences on hormones problem - menstrual cycle

How to overcome? (4)

A
  • Record and control for menstrual cycle
    • Ask of date of last menstruation
    • Ask for the average cycle length
  • Test women only in one particular stage of the cycle
23
Q

Issues with measuring hormones

Other factors that influence hormones levels are (4)

A
  • Prescription drugs (e.g., contraception)
  • Anti-inflammatory medications
  • Antidepressants
  • Etc..
24
Q

How do we assess hormones (3)

A
  • Saliva
  • Blood
  • Brain (Cerebrospinal fluid)
25
Q

What are the two types of hormones? (2)

A
  • Steriod hormones
  • Non-steriod hormones
26
Q

Steroid hormones are produced in

A
  • adrenals, ovaries (in women) and testes (in men)
27
Q

Steriod hormones propertieis

Cross cell membrane, effiectiveness (2)

A
  • Cross cell membrane freely without resistence
  • More effective, very robust than non-steriod hormones
28
Q

Non-steriod hormone are

A

Peptide or protein-like hormones ; short chains of amino acids

29
Q

Non-steriod hormone

Crossing cell membrane and effectiveness (2)

A

Cannot cross cell membrane, indirect effects on cell activity

Less effective

30
Q

Steriod hormones are

A

stable, hard to break down

31
Q

Steriod hormones are detectable in blood and saliva!

Which means.. (2)

A
  • Steriod hormones are relatively consistent across these collection methods
  • Saliva methods are preferred due to ease
32
Q

Example of a steriod hormone (3)

A
  • Cortisol
  • Testosterone
  • Progesterone
33
Q

Non-steriod hormones (peptides)

breakdown (2) + stability in samples

A
  • Break down easily so they are quickly metabolised in the body
  • Because of this they are difficult to stabilise when they are sampled
34
Q

Nonsteroid hormones are not detectable in saliva (2)

A
  • Inconsistent across collection methods
  • Need to measure via blood :(
35
Q

Example of non-steriod hormones (peptides) - (3)

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Melatonin
  • Insulin
36
Q

Assessing salivary hormones

Sample collections requires

A

pure sample with no contaiminants (e.g blood, food)

37
Q

Assessing salivary hormones

it is refrain from

A

eating, brushing teeth 1 hour before the study

38
Q

Assessing salivary hormones

Pps given several samples throughout the study such as (3)

A
  • Baseline
  • After task
  • Recovery
39
Q

Method to collect and assess salivry hormones

Passive drool collection

A

the saliva is allowed to pool at the bottom of the mouth and then eased into the collection device

40
Q

When do you assess salivary hormones? (2)

A
  • Several intervals throughout study to track fluctations
  • Endocrine system is slow so takes 15-20 minutes to detect salivary hormones - delayed assessment of them
41
Q

Storing salivary hormones (3)

A
  • After sealing the tube
  • Place in freezer
  • Samples kept in -20 degrees celsius and last to up to a year
42
Q

Processing salivary hormones (3)

A
  • Repeatedly thaw and freeze samples to break down saliva
  • Spin in centrifuge to separate watery bits from coarse bits
  • Separated bits tested with an assay - measures amount of chemical present in the saliva sample
43
Q

Evaluating salivary hormones

Advantage as the steriod hormones are

A

easy to access via saliva

44
Q

Evaluating salivary hormones

Limited to

A

hormones (steriods) which make to saliva

45
Q

Alternative methods to saliva (3)

A
  • Metabolites of nonsteroid/peptide hormones in urine
  • Experimental manipulations of hormones via nasal spray
  • Assess hormone levels in blood (ethical issue)
46
Q

Evaluating salivary hormones - disadvantage

Delayed response in detection of hormones (3)

A
  • Assesses that biological stress occured but not sure when
  • There is also individual differences in the endocrine system
47
Q

Delayed response in detection of hormones - more efficient and immediate way to assess HPA axis is through

A
  • Cardiovascular system

Introduction To Health And Addiction Science (18 decks)

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