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Introduction To Health And Addiction Science > W3: Endocrine system > Flashcards

W3: Endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hormones? (2)

A
  • Substances released into the bloodstream that bind to receptors on cells at distant locations
  • Travel long distances
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2
Q

Some neurotransmitters are also hormones

Same exact molecule but they are utilised in a different way

Examples (2)

A
  • Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (neurotransmitters) are responsible for alertness
  • The same exact molecules (neurotransmitters) are released into the bloodstream to stimulate the heart to make it beat faster to initiate sympathetic activation
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3
Q

Some neurotransmitters are also hormones

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are re-named as:

Examples (2)

A
  • Adrenaline and Noradrenaline (hormones)
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4
Q

If we use chemicals to communicate in the brain , CNS and even in spinal cord

they are called

A

Neurotransmitters

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5
Q

If we use chemicals to communicate everywhere else except the brain and spinal cord (the peripheral nervous system)

They are often referred to

A

Hormones

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6
Q

Hormones influence: (3)

A
  • Behaviour
  • Emotions
  • Physical characteristics
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7
Q

Hormones influence social behaviours like (3)

A
  • Bonding
  • Parenting
  • Sex and reproduction
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8
Q

Endocrine hormones

A
  • A hormone that is released into the bloodstream that affects the functions of cells at some distance from the source of the release
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9
Q

Endocrine system

A
  • System of glands that release hormones in the body
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10
Q

Endocrine signalling (3)

A
  • Communication facilitated by hormones, having their effects by binding to receptors on cells at distant locations in the body
  • They either activate or deactivate those glands
  • Similar to neuronal signalling but travelling long distances
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11
Q

Most hormones/endocrine system function in accodance to

A

drive theory

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12
Q

Drive theory put forward that the body maintains

A

homeostasis

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13
Q

Homeostasis is a state in which a system is

A

in balance or equilibrium

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14
Q

Drive theory

To maintain homeostasis, everything in the body has a

A

setpoint

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15
Q

Drive theory

A set point is where (3)

A
  • Point which the system returns to and tries to maintain
  • This point is where the body is peak and optimal performance
  • If the body is not at this set point, it will increase/decrease hormones to reach and try to maintain it
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16
Q

Endocrine system is responsible for maintaing

A

Homeostasis and that set point in the body

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17
Q

The hypothalamus - the regulator (2)

A
  • Monitors the levels of hormones and maintains those set points in the body
    • maintains homeostasis
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18
Q

Hypothalamus contains several sets of nuclei to (2)

A
  • Regulate functions in the body
  • Each nuclei has there individual function to make ensure the body is maintaining those set points
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19
Q

Hypothalamus

Regulation is done via the release of (2)

A

Hormones in the bloodstream (via the stimulation of the pituitary gland in the hypothalamus)

to maintain homeostasis

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20
Q

HPA is activated for

A

long-term physiological reaction to stress

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21
Q

HPA axis hormones hypothalamus order (3)

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases CRH
  2. CRH goes to pituiarty gland to release ACTH
  3. ACTH flows to adrenal cortex to stimulate release of stress hormones (cortisol , epinephrine and norepinephrine)
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22
Q

When the HPA axis is engaged

Typically coincides with the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)

So increased… (3)

A
  • Heart rate
  • Blood flow
  • Respiration
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23
Q

HPA axis suppresses

A

immune system

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24
Q

Cortisol promotes the release of glucose (blood sugar) by inhibiting

A

insulin, which helps store glucose to use for energy

25
Q

Cortisol narrows arteries so increases blood pressure (2)

What happens to the heart and blood flow?

A
  • Epineperhine (adrenaline) is released causing the heart to beat faster
  • However, this requires the heart to pump blood with more force (and faster) to get blood through the body due to increased blood pressure
26
Q

Cortisol release is usually temporary under normal circumstances

Order

A
  1. Promotes release of glucose
  2. Narrows arteries
27
Q

Extended cortisol release (3) supresses…

A
  • Suppresses immune system
  • Suppresses function of the parasympathetic nervous system
  • Likelhood of cardiovascular disease
28
Q

Extended cortsiol release is when..

A

HPA does not regulate itself and does not stop releasing cortisol and not going through negative feedback loop

29
Q

Extended cortisol release suppresses functions of the parasympathetic nervous system

Gonna experience (3)

A
  • Experience anxiety
  • Issues with digestion
  • Sexual dysfunction
30
Q

Extended cortisol release

Since heart is requirng more effort to get blood where it needs to go to the body and working against the high blood pressure

Increased risk of

A
  • Cardiovascular disease
31
Q

Extended cortisol release

Cardiovascular disease is when.. (2)

A
  • The heart begins to wear
  • Blood vessels damage
32
Q

Cortisol released in daily intervals to give you energy as there is (2)

A

certain days you need more energy to function than others

HPA axis does engage itself throughout the day without the need of stress as it is part of homeostasis

33
Q

Diurnal cortisol curve - normal (2)

A
  • In normal, huge peaks of cortisol in the morning to get energy to get you up in the morning - HPA axis engaged in the morning
  • Throughout the day, cortisol stops getting released and HPA is not engaged to near 0 levels
34
Q

Diurnal cortisol curve - chronic stress (2)

A
  • Morning cortisol release increases and it is later
  • Still have elevated levels of cortisol during later in the day (not near 0 levels in normal cortisol curve)
35
Q

Dorr et al. (2015)

Cortisol

Method (3)

A
  • Had university students
  • Assessed levels of stress and dirunal (daily) cortisol release from HPA axis
  • Compared regular compared to exam week
36
Q

Dorr et al. (2015)

Results - Stress

A
  • Those in exam condition students were more stressed compared to control -regular week condition
37
Q

Dorr et al. (2015)

Cortisol

Results - Stress (2)

A
  • Sig difference in amount of cortisol body releases in the morning between exam and control condition
  • Slightly higher cortisol release in students waking up during exam week (cond) than control week
38
Q

Cortisol release is normal

Cortisol awakening response - (2)

A
  • This response is maintained by the circadian rhythm (internal clock to know when the morning is) in the hypothalamus
  • Provides initial boost of energy in the morning
39
Q

Too much cortisol release can be bad! (7)

A
  • Stress increases morning cortisol release
  • Adaptive long-term
  • Maladaptive long-term
    • Anixety
    • Sexual Dysfunction
    • Cardiovascular disease
    • Suppresses immune system
40
Q

Ghrelin hormone (2)

A
  • Elicits feelings of hunger
  • Synthesis and release in the stomach
41
Q

Leptin hormone (2)

A
  • Inhibits eating
  • Synthesised and released by fat
42
Q

Ghrelin and Leptin both regulated by

A

the hypothalamus

43
Q

Thyroid glands - maintained by the hypothalamus

are located in the

A

neck

44
Q

Thyroid glands

Pituitary releases (thyroid-stimulating) hormone

The thyroid glands secrete thyroxine which maintains.. (3)

A
  • Metabolic rate
  • Digestion
  • Heart Rate
45
Q

Hypothyroidism (2)

A

Thyroid does not produce enough thryoxine

Low heart rate, stomach digestion is slow

46
Q

Hyperthyroidism (2)

A

Thyroid gland produces too much thyroxine

Heart rate very high

47
Q

Melatonin is released in the dark to tell you

A
  • when to sleep
48
Q

Melatonin is suppressed by

A

exposure to light (sunlight or any light)

49
Q

Melatonin controls the

A

sleep/wake cycle

50
Q

Melatonin is released by the

A

pineal gland

51
Q

Lledo et al. (2012) - Melatonin

Method (2)

A
  • Got rabbits to live in either complete darkness, light or light + yellow filter (filtering out blue light)
  • Measured melatonin level in the eyes
52
Q

Lledo et al. (2012) - Melatonin

Results (3)

A
  • Got rabbits to live in light environment, lower melatonin release than darkness and light + yellow filter
  • Darkness and light + filter is not sig differently
  • Blue light filters are effective in reducing and stopping the increase melatonin release
53
Q

Circadian rhythm

Circadian rhythm is responsible for

A

scheduling the release of these hormones

54
Q

Biological clocks

Circadian rhythm is regulated by the (2)

A

endocrine system

Circadian rhythm is responsible for scheduling the release of these hormones

55
Q

Circadian rhythm

Secretion of hormones to maintain (2)

A

sleep/wake cycle

56
Q

Circadian rhythms

Secretion of hormones to maintain sleep/wake cycles - (4)

A
  • Thyroid hormones - maintain metabolism
  • Cortisol awakening response
  • Melatonin release
  • Growth hormones (secreted during sleep; repair muscles)
57
Q

Circadian rhythms secrete hormones based on the time of the day

Circadian keeps track of the day via the

A

the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus

58
Q

Oxytocin is involved in reproductive functions (3)

A

Causes contraction of the uterus during birth

Released in response to stimulation of nipple, causing lactation

The reflex can become conditioned to environmental stimuli, leading to the release of oxytocin in response to the sight of a baby or the sound of a crying baby

59
Q

In the brain oxytocin and vasopressin affect: (2)

A

Social recognition (hippocampus)

Pair bonding

Introduction To Health And Addiction Science (18 decks)

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