W11: Interventions

Question 1

Health promotions are events or activity that facilitates improvement of health (4)

Answer 1

­Can be individual or group focused

­Aim to improve quality of life

­Prevent development of maladaptive behaviors

­Signpost treatments for those with poor health

Question 2

Health promotion is focused on the medical model (3)

Answer 2

­Focus on disease prevention

­Used medical model (e.g., genetic determinants)

­Ignored social or environmental influences of health

Question 3

Recent approaches to health promotion target

Answer 3

social and cognitive precursors to health

Question 4

What do health promotions changing cognition? (3)

Answer 4

­Attitudes

­Motivations

­Self-efficacy

Question 5

­What if health promotion techniques are not enough? (4)

Answer 5

­Require more intense, individualized treatment

­Behavioral approaches

­Pharmacological approaches

­Substance use disorders and behavioral addictions

Question 6

CBT (5)

Answer 6

­Reduces cue-elicited craving

­Strengthens executive control

­Underlying mechanisms unclear

• ­Increased activity in frontal lobe
• ­Downregulates reward pathways

Question 7

CBT used to treat smoking (3)

Answer 7

If we have increased activity in prefrontal cortex after CBT

This predicts less activity in the reward areas of brain

This leads to less craving for nicotine

Question 8

Combined approaches - ­While behavioral methods work, they are not perfect! (2)

Answer 8

­May be combined with pharmacological treatment

­Depends on severity (and type) of drug addiction

Question 9

Pharmacological approaches are when they

Answer 9

use drugs to treat drug abuse

Question 10

Pharmacological approaches are used when (3)

Answer 10

­Severe withdrawal symptoms

­Behavioral treatment is ineffective

­Rapid route towards abstinence

Question 11

Alcohol pharmacological treatments for addiction produce

Answer 11

­Produce aversive effects, weaker effects, or reduced cravings

Question 12

Alcohol - Disfulfiram/Antabus (3)

Answer 12

­Inhibits enzymes that breakdown alcohol and related compounds

­Treatment for alcohol addiction by diminishing positive effects and enhancing negative effects

Make sick if you have alcohol

Question 13

Anatabus (5) physiological action

Answer 13

Acetaldehyde is metabolite of alcohol via alcohol dehydrogenase

ALDH:

• ­Enzyme which breaks down acetaldehyde
• ­Antabuse inhibits ALDH!
• Makes someone nausea

Question 14

Anatabus effectiveness depends on severity (2)

Answer 14

­Higher levels of abuse may not be affected by negative consequences of alcohol consumption

­DSM criteria: “Use despite knowledge of consequences”

Question 15

Test Antabuse in rats (3)

Answer 15

• Rats drank alcohol either given antabuse or cyanamide
• Rats given Antabuse (drinking alcohol for 3 days) reduces their alcohol consumption as days goes on
• Rats given Antabus (drinking alcohol for 30 days) does not affect their alcohol consumption as days goes on despite feeling nausea

Question 16

Antabus effectiveness depends on severity so combined with

Answer 16

CBT to increase effectiveness

Question 17

Nicotine - role of behavioural cues (4)

Answer 17

­Some quit “old turkey,” but others need treatment

­Some approaches address cues that trigger craving

­Smokers learn to identify causes of tobacco cravings via CBT

­Regardless of method, reaching 2 weeks of tobacco abstinence strongly predicts long-term success

Question 18

Lussier et al. (2005) - (3)

Answer 18

• Individuals paid for 14 days to stop smoking from external motivations
• reported much more ease of abstaining from smoking compared to those who abstained for 7 days and 1 day
• Also reported less willingness to smoke

Question 20

Nicotone replacement therpay (3)

Answer 20

­Using a non-tobacco nicotine product to minimize or prevent withdrawal (e.g., vapes, patches, gum, nasal spray, inhalers)

­Users gradually reduce dose of nicotine to reduce dependence

­This approach may take weeks to several months

Question 21

Vaping blood nicotine concentrations (5)

Answer 21

­Peak absorption from cigarettes occurs after ~7 minutes via lungs

­Peak nicotine absorption from e-cigarettes occurs after 30 minutes (absorption occurs through membranes in the mouth)

­Vaping may not efficiently deliver nicotine to satisfy withdrawal

• ­Not guaranteed to be an effective aid in reducing smoking
• Many go back to traditional cigarettes to alleviate withdraw