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Introduction To Health And Addiction Science > W6: Genetics, epigenetics and development > Flashcards

W6: Genetics, epigenetics and development Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a genotype and what is the genotype contained in? (3)

A

Genotype is the genetic makeup of an individual

It is contained in the 23 pairs of chromosomes

The chromosomes are made up of pairs of alleles (e.g, genetic variants) provided by the parents

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2
Q

Genotype ≠ you example

A
  • Could inherit a gene for blue eyes but brown eyes because brown eyes is a dominant gene
  • Carry gene for blue yes but don’t express it
  • Have genetics that do not reflect who you are
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3
Q

These epigenetic are: (2)

A

the influence of enviroment on gene expression

It alters the structure of DNA

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4
Q

What is phenotype? - (2)

A
  • ­Observable expression of genetics
  • ­e.g., appearance, alcohol tolerance, metabolism
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5
Q

Dominant alleles vs recessive traits (2)

A

Dominant alleles (e.g brown eyes) override recessive alleles (e.g blue eyes)

Recessive traits only appear when the recessive gene inherited from each parent (need to copies of the recessive allele)

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6
Q

What are chromosomes? (2)

A

Thread-like structures inside the nucleus of cells

Chromosomes contains genes that are blueprints or instructions for building proteins

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7
Q

Human cells usually contain ___ pairs of chromosomes

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

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8
Q

22 pairs of chromosomes look

A

the same in males and females

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9
Q

23rd pair of chromosomes differ

A

between males and females (X vs Y) - dicates their sex

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10
Q

What is the 23rd pair of chromosomes in males? (sex chromosome)

A

XY (mismatched pair)

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11
Q

What is sex chromosome in female? (23rd pair of chromosome)

A

XX - Matched pair

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12
Q

What is epigenetics? (the study of…) -

A

The study of genetic changes caused by external mechanisms

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13
Q

Epignetics

Genetic change (physiological adaptations) may be due to external mechanisms like… (3)

A
  1. Nurtiton
  2. Stress
  3. Toxins
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14
Q

These genetic changes (physiological adaptations) are not always (2)

A

adaptive changes

Epigenetics is often maladaptive

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15
Q

Epigenetics are often involved in various disorders (6)

A
  1. Alzheimer’s disease
  2. Depression
  3. Schizophrenia
  4. Multiple sclerosis
  5. Stress response
  6. Cancer
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16
Q

Methylation is the process which

A

Underlies epigenetics

17
Q

Methylation

What is a methyl group?

A

Molecules which contain 1 carbon atoms and 3 hydrogen atoms

18
Q

The methyl group attaches to the DNA segments which are located on the chromosome and serves as

A

Act as “switches” which activates (ON) or represses gene expression (OF)

19
Q

Early development - Epigenetics

Sources as to early development having long-impacts on health (3)

A

Fetal Origins Hypothesis

Developmental plasticity

Early birth weight

Intergenerational transmission

20
Q

Fetal Origins Hypothesis (3)

A
  1. Role of nutrition and malnutrition in healthy fetal development
    1. Undernutrition during fetal development and infancy changes the body’s structure, physiology, and metabolism
    2. This may lead to coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and other issues later in adult life
21
Q

Developmental plasticity (2)

A
  1. One genotype can lead to a range of physiological states in response to environments during development
  2. Epigenetics!
22
Q

Birthweight is a predictor of heart disease (3)

A

Decreased chance for heart disease with increased birthweight

This is replicated in Europe, North America, and India

Assumed to be the result of slow fetal growth

23
Q

Intergenerational transmission (2)

A

Enduring epigenetic changes transmitted to offspring

Epigenetic changes occurring in the fetus can be passed on to later generations, affecting their descendants

24
Q

Intergenerational transmission

Examples

A

Not supposed to be smoking or drinking while pregnant

25
Q

Intergenerational transmission is that (2)

A

If you are smoking drinking or doing anything that has toxins that harm your body, this can be passed down to offspring

E.g. nurtiton/stress you have experienced can be passed down

26
Q

Stress and intergenerational transmission (3)

A

Offspring of Holocaust survivors at greater risk for the development of PTSD, depression, and anxiety

Women with PTSD from trauma during pregnancy give birth to at-risk offspring

  • Third trimester is more sensitive period for these effects
27
Q

The theory that underlies the epigenetic process

A

Theory of early epigenetic processes

28
Q

Theory of early epigenetic process

Early experience of prolonged stress and early life adversities activate the stress hormone system

A

may program the system toward a lifelong alteration (genetic change) of the hormonal response to minor stressors - since assume stress would reoccur

29
Q

Theory of early epigenetic processes

Early experience of prolonged stress and early life adversities activate the stress hormone system and may program the system toward a lifelong alteration (genetic change) of the hormonal response to minor stressors

(2)

A

HPA axis is more sensitive to stressors because of epigenetic changes (methyl group attaching to DNA and changing how HPA axis functions on molecular level)

Greater release of cortisol

  • Increased blood pressure
  • Likelhood of Heart disease and anxiety
30
Q

Early environmental experiences have a lasting impact on a child’s later success in school and life generally

Evidence

A

Vocabulary predictable at 18 months based on family education and income

31
Q

Adverse living circumstances impair development in first 24-36 months and the greater adversity, the greater the

A

odds of developmental delay

32
Q

Risk factors for the development

Maltreated children who are exposed up to 6 adverse experiences face a 90-100% likelihood of having one or more

A

delays in their cognitive, language, or emotional development (Barth et al., 2008).

33
Q

Risk factors for the development

Adults who recall having 7 or 8 adverse experiences in childhood are 3 times more likely to have

A

cardiovascular disease as an adult (Dong et al., 2004)

34
Q

Physiological adaptations in genes due to epigenetics can be due to (6)

A
  1. Nutrition (Environment) - Fetal Origin Hypothesis
  2. Birthweight predictor of heart disease
  3. Toxins and intergenerational transmission - pregnancy
  4. Stress and intergenerational transmission
  5. Adverse living circumstances
  6. Maltreated children (environment)

Introduction To Health And Addiction Science (18 decks)

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