Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human basic neuroscience > Voluntary Motion: Cortex & Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Voluntary Motion: Cortex & Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

There are several cortical areas associated with the production of voluntary motion. Which of the cortical areas included below recieves the sensory information required to move, identifies the intent and decides the motion to produce?

A. Premotor Cortex

B. Supplementary Motor Cortex

C. Primary Motor Cortex

D. Parietal Cortex

A

Premotor Cortex

  • intepret sensory info to ID intent and discover relevant motion

” What’s the goal? How can this best be achieved?”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What portion of the premotor cortex applies the “rules” that determine whether it is appropriate to move?

A

Dorsal portion of pre-motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

There are several cortical areas associated with the production of voluntary motion. Which of the cortical areas included below is involved with postural control?

A. Premotor Cortex

B. Supplementary Motor Cortex/Area (SMA)

C. Primary Motor Cortex

D. Parietal Cortex

E. Pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA)

A

Supplementary Motor Cortex/Area (SMA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

There are several cortical areas associated with the production of voluntary motion. Which of the cortical areas included below plans out the motor program that is required to make the action work?

A. Premotor Cortex

B. Supplementary Motor Cortex/Area (SMA)

C. Primary Motor Cortex

D. Parietal Cortex

E. Pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA)

A

Pre-supplementary area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

There are several cortical areas associated with the production of voluntary motion. Which of the cortical areas included below controls specific movements and are arranged into columns? What types of movements does it especially relate to?

A. Premotor Cortex

B. Supplementary Motor Cortex/Area (SMA)

C. Primary Motor Cortex

D. Parietal Cortex

E. Pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA)

A

Primary Motor Cortex

  • Fine movements especially realted to Arms/Hands, face
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

There are 6 layers within each column of the primary motor cortex. What layer receives the sensory input of the muscle and joint proprioceptors, etc?

A

Layer 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

THere are 6 layers in the columns of the primary motor cortex. What layer is the output for the corticospinal (pyramidal) pathway?

A

LAyer 5

also the location of Betz cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In each column of the primary motor cortex there are essentially two types of neurons. What are the roles of each of those neurons?

A

1 starts the motion

1 maintains the motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F: Stimulation of any given column produces a specific movement

A

True

  • if we are in an area that controls fine motion, stimulation may produce contraction of a single muscle (finger)*
  • if we are in an area that controls a more general motion, stimulation may produce contraction of a group of muscles (back)*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What types of motion do neighboring columns of the primary motor cortex control? Give an example

A

Control motions related to each other

  1. on/off for the agonist muscle (bicep)
  2. on/off for the antagonist muscle (tricep)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the actions performed by the supplementary motor cortex?

A

Postural control

IDs the motor sequence required

Changes tactics if necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the voluntary motion actions that the primary motor cortex are in charge of?

A

Coding the individual motions required to reach the goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the voluntary motion actions that are facilitated by the premotor cortex?

A

Determines if it’s OK to move

IDs the goal and the motion required to meet that goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which of the following pathways contains axons from the occipital cortex that travel to the parietal and temporal cortex, whos input allows us to complete motor based acts based on the visual input?

A. Ventral Visual Pathway

B. Dorsal Visual Pathway

C. Lateral Visual Pathway

D. Medial Visual Pathway

A

Dorsal Visual Pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

From the visual cortex in the occipital lobe, information is relayed to the parietal cortex bia what 4 areas?

A

V6a

PEc

MIP (medial intraparietal area)

VIP (ventral intraparietal area)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The VIP receieves information from the visual cortex and creates a rough map. Which area within the premotor cortex creates a detailed map of the space around you with regards to where the object is in space?

A. F2

B. F4

C. V1

D. V4

A

F4

  • F4- where’s the door (object in space)*
  • F2- where are you (you in space)*

NOTE: neurons in this location are more excited the closer the object is (F4 is obsessed with proximity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The VIP receieves information from the visual cortex and creates a rough map. Which area within the premotor cortex creates a detailed map of the space around you with regards to where you are in space?

A. F2

B. F4

C. V1

D. V4

A

F2

F2- where are you?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

F2 and F4 create a detailed map of the space around you and the object when performing what action?

A. Reaching

B. Grasping

C. Running

D. Breathing

A

Reaching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Visual cues related to grasping are different than those relating to reaching. What cues ro details are needed in order to excite the grasping areas?

A

Intent

Texture

Wanna grab IT, you have to know the Intent and Texture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What 2 areas of the brain contain neurons that fire when you see an object to grasp (visually dominant), graspina an object (motor dominant), seeing and grasping an object (visumotor neurons)?

A

Anterior Intraparietal Area

PFG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The Anterior Intraparietal area and the PFG relat their information to which of the following regions? What is this area concerned with?

A. F2

B. F3

C. F4

D. F5

A

F5

Concerned with the goal of the action

F5 - what’s my prize?

22
Q

T/F: The areas involved with reaching vs grasping (V6a, PEc, MIP, VIP vs AIP, PFG) do not encode the motor act

A

True

23
Q

What is the role of the overall cerebellum?

A

Sequence complex actions

Correct force/direction

Balance and eye movements

Learning of complex actions

24
Q

The Spinocerebellum is divided into two regions within the cerebellum. What is the role of the medial portion? What is the role of the parallel lateral portions?

A

Medial/Vermis: Postural Control

Paravermis: Force and Direction

25
Q

The cerebrocerebellum are found on the most lateral portions of the cerebellum. What are the roles that the cerebrocerebellum is involved with?

A

Plan Complex motions

Squence motions

(works with the pre-SMA which plans the motor program required to make the action occur)

26
Q

The VEstibulocerebellum is involved with what functions?

A

Balance and eye movements, especially relating to the future

27
Q

What are the inputs of the more medial Spinocerebellum?

What are the outputs of the more medial Spinocerebellum and where do they go?

A

Inputs: Vestibular, Visual and Auditory, Efferent copy

Outputs: Interpositus nucleus (Globos and Emboliform) and Fastigial nucleus going to the Rubrospinal tract

28
Q

What are the inputs of the more lateral Spinocerebellum?

What are the outputs of the more latearl Spinocerebellum and where do they go?

A

Inputs: muscle afferents, Efferent copy

Outputs: Interpositis nucleus (globos and emboliform) goes to the Rubrospinal tract

29
Q

Which of the following areas of the cerebellum correct ongoing motions and control ballistic motions?

A. Medial Spinocerebellum

B. Lateral Spinocerebellum

C. Cerebrocerebellum

D. Vestibulocerebellum

A

Lateral Spinocerebellum (paravermis)

30
Q

What are the inputs of the cerebrocerebellum?

What are the outputs of the cerebrocerebellum, and where do they go?

A

Inputs: All regions of the cerebral cortex

Outputs: Dentate nucleus send info back to the cortex

31
Q

What are the inputs of the vestibulocerebellum?

What are the outputs of the vestibuolcerebellum and where do they go?

A

Inputs: Vestibular apparatus (indirect or direct)

Outputs: Fastigial Nuclei to the Vestibular Nuclei (Ascends or descends)

32
Q

Without the basal ganglia what will generally happen?

A
  1. Unable to initiate motion
  2. Get stuck at the start of the motion
33
Q

What is the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia, including the factors released?

A

Striatum (GABA) –> Globus Pallidus Externus (GABA)–> Subthalamic Nucleus (EAA) –> Substantia Nigra (R) and Globus Pallidus Internus (GABA) –> Thalamus

34
Q

Describe what happens in the indirect pathway when the substantia nigra pars compacta releases dopamine that binds to the pathways D2 receptors?

A

SNPC releases Dopamine which inhibits the Indirect PAthway

Striatum (caudate and putamen) is inhibited and releases less GABA to the Globus Pallidus Externus

The Globus Pallidus externus is now depolarized and able to release increased amounts of GABA to the Subthalamic nucleus

The Subthalamic Nucleus is hyperpolarized/inhibited and releases lower amounts of EAA to the SNPR and GPi

The SNPR and GPi are inhibited and decrease the amount of GABA it releases to the THalamus

The Thalamus is can then send EAA to the cortex and excite it

35
Q

What neurotransmitter activates the indirect pathway?

A

EAA

36
Q

T/F: Once motion is started, the spinocerebellum is called upon to make sure the motion is correct

A

True

37
Q

T/F: If we activate the alpha-motor neurons we also activate the gamma motor neurons

A

True

38
Q

Which of the following actions would produce direct paralysis/inability to contract a skeletal muscle?

A. Agonist at muscarinic cholinergic receptors

B. An Atagonist to the nicotinic cholinergic receptors

C. An agonist to the GABAa receptor

D. An antargonist to NMDA receptor

A

An Atagonist to the nicotinic cholinergic receptors

39
Q

Following a traumatic brain injury, a patient develops spasticity. Failure to activate which of the following is the direct cause of this finding?

A. Cortical regions controlling reflex activity

B. The brainstem inhibitory region

C. The cerebellum

D. The spinal cord at the level of the affected limbs

A

The brainstem inhibitory region

40
Q

Which of the following allows you to distinguish a reflex action from a voluntary motion?

A. Specificity of the motion

B. Complexity of the motion

C. Speed of the motion

D. Involvement of the cortex

A

Speed of the motion

41
Q

Which of the following requires information relayed by the dorsal visual pathay?

A. Naming the object placed in front of you

B. Moving your eyes to the source of a sound placed above and to your right

C. Moving your eyes in response to a motion to your right

D. Blocking a roundhouse kick

A

Blocking a roundhouse kick

42
Q

A weightlifter attempts to lift a far too-heavy weight during competition. Their attempt fails when the muscles doing the lifting suddenly relax. What triggered this relaxation?

A. Activation of golgi tendon organs

B. Activation of pacinian corpsucles

C. Activation of muscle spindle fibers

D. Activation of bare nerve endings in the muscle

A

Activation of golgi tendon organs

43
Q

Student Dr. Seuss picks up a large box, assuming it is quite heavy. It is, instead, empty and he lifts it far more rapidly than he intended. What afferent fiber relays this information to his brain?

A. Group Ia fiber

B. Group Ib fiber

C. Group II fiber

D. Group IV fiber

A

Group Ia fiber

(detects rate of change in length)

44
Q

While examining a patient, someone unexpectedly walks across the room and the patient’s head and eyes move to the motion. What part of the brain produces this response?

A. Dorsal Visual Pathway

B. Ventral Visual pathway

C. Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

D. Area V4 of the primary visual cortex

A

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

45
Q

Which of the following is the most likely to activate the central pattern generator for walking under normal conditions?

A. Cortical input

B. Nociceptive input

C. Muscle affernt input

D. Joint proprioceptive input

A

Cortical input

46
Q

Sensory input to a central pattern generator will be most important in which of the following situations?

A. Walking on a flat, paved sidewalk

B. Breathing at rest

C. Chewing a thick caramel candy

A

Chewing a thick caramel candy

47
Q

Dr. Karius is given a drug that inhibits the action of F2. What is the effect of this intervention?

A. Dr. Karius is unable to pick up her diet pepsi because she can’t localize its location in reference to her own

B. Dr. Karius misses the bottle because she doesn’t know where her arm is in relation to the bottle

C. Dr. Karius is unable to initiate the motion required to pick up her diet Pepsi due to inactivation of the basal ganglia

D. Dr. Karius flings her diet Pepsi across the room because she can’t control the motion required

A

Dr. Karius misses the bottle because she doesn’t know where her arm is in relation to the bottle

48
Q

Which of the folloiwng events is most directly controlled by the lateral regions of the spinocerebellum?

A. Performance of a complicated clarinet concerto that has been practiced to perfection

B. Correcting the force applied when lifting a box that is much lighter than estimated

C. Controlling the eye motions required to complete a motion that will occur in the future

D. Initiating the motion required to lift a diet pepsi

A

Correcting the force applied when lifting a box that is much lighter than estimated

49
Q

As student Dr. Seuss reaches down to pick up his iPad charger, he finds he is unable to control his balance and falls. His vestibular reflexes are normal. What part of his brain is not functioning well?

A. Primary Motor cortex

B. Cerebrocerebellum

C. Basal Ganglia

D. Vestibulocerebellum

A

Vestibulocerebellum

50
Q
A

Human basic neuroscience (68 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions