Voluntary Motion: Cortex & Basal Ganglia Flashcards
There are several cortical areas associated with the production of voluntary motion. Which of the cortical areas included below recieves the sensory information required to move, identifies the intent and decides the motion to produce?
A. Premotor Cortex
B. Supplementary Motor Cortex
C. Primary Motor Cortex
D. Parietal Cortex
Premotor Cortex
- intepret sensory info to ID intent and discover relevant motion
” What’s the goal? How can this best be achieved?”
What portion of the premotor cortex applies the “rules” that determine whether it is appropriate to move?
Dorsal portion of pre-motor cortex
There are several cortical areas associated with the production of voluntary motion. Which of the cortical areas included below is involved with postural control?
A. Premotor Cortex
B. Supplementary Motor Cortex/Area (SMA)
C. Primary Motor Cortex
D. Parietal Cortex
E. Pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA)
Supplementary Motor Cortex/Area (SMA)
There are several cortical areas associated with the production of voluntary motion. Which of the cortical areas included below plans out the motor program that is required to make the action work?
A. Premotor Cortex
B. Supplementary Motor Cortex/Area (SMA)
C. Primary Motor Cortex
D. Parietal Cortex
E. Pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA)
Pre-supplementary area
There are several cortical areas associated with the production of voluntary motion. Which of the cortical areas included below controls specific movements and are arranged into columns? What types of movements does it especially relate to?
A. Premotor Cortex
B. Supplementary Motor Cortex/Area (SMA)
C. Primary Motor Cortex
D. Parietal Cortex
E. Pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA)
Primary Motor Cortex
- Fine movements especially realted to Arms/Hands, face
There are 6 layers within each column of the primary motor cortex. What layer receives the sensory input of the muscle and joint proprioceptors, etc?
Layer 4
THere are 6 layers in the columns of the primary motor cortex. What layer is the output for the corticospinal (pyramidal) pathway?
LAyer 5
also the location of Betz cells
In each column of the primary motor cortex there are essentially two types of neurons. What are the roles of each of those neurons?
1 starts the motion
1 maintains the motion
T/F: Stimulation of any given column produces a specific movement
True
- if we are in an area that controls fine motion, stimulation may produce contraction of a single muscle (finger)*
- if we are in an area that controls a more general motion, stimulation may produce contraction of a group of muscles (back)*
What types of motion do neighboring columns of the primary motor cortex control? Give an example
Control motions related to each other
- on/off for the agonist muscle (bicep)
- on/off for the antagonist muscle (tricep)
What are the actions performed by the supplementary motor cortex?
Postural control
IDs the motor sequence required
Changes tactics if necessary
What are the voluntary motion actions that the primary motor cortex are in charge of?
Coding the individual motions required to reach the goal
What are the voluntary motion actions that are facilitated by the premotor cortex?
Determines if it’s OK to move
IDs the goal and the motion required to meet that goal
Which of the following pathways contains axons from the occipital cortex that travel to the parietal and temporal cortex, whos input allows us to complete motor based acts based on the visual input?
A. Ventral Visual Pathway
B. Dorsal Visual Pathway
C. Lateral Visual Pathway
D. Medial Visual Pathway
Dorsal Visual Pathway
From the visual cortex in the occipital lobe, information is relayed to the parietal cortex bia what 4 areas?
V6a
PEc
MIP (medial intraparietal area)
VIP (ventral intraparietal area)
The VIP receieves information from the visual cortex and creates a rough map. Which area within the premotor cortex creates a detailed map of the space around you with regards to where the object is in space?
A. F2
B. F4
C. V1
D. V4
F4
- F4- where’s the door (object in space)*
- F2- where are you (you in space)*
NOTE: neurons in this location are more excited the closer the object is (F4 is obsessed with proximity)
The VIP receieves information from the visual cortex and creates a rough map. Which area within the premotor cortex creates a detailed map of the space around you with regards to where you are in space?
A. F2
B. F4
C. V1
D. V4
F2
F2- where are you?
F2 and F4 create a detailed map of the space around you and the object when performing what action?
A. Reaching
B. Grasping
C. Running
D. Breathing
Reaching
Visual cues related to grasping are different than those relating to reaching. What cues ro details are needed in order to excite the grasping areas?
Intent
Texture
Wanna grab IT, you have to know the Intent and Texture
What 2 areas of the brain contain neurons that fire when you see an object to grasp (visually dominant), graspina an object (motor dominant), seeing and grasping an object (visumotor neurons)?
Anterior Intraparietal Area
PFG
The Anterior Intraparietal area and the PFG relat their information to which of the following regions? What is this area concerned with?
A. F2
B. F3
C. F4
D. F5
F5
Concerned with the goal of the action
F5 - what’s my prize?
T/F: The areas involved with reaching vs grasping (V6a, PEc, MIP, VIP vs AIP, PFG) do not encode the motor act
True
What is the role of the overall cerebellum?
Sequence complex actions
Correct force/direction
Balance and eye movements
Learning of complex actions
The Spinocerebellum is divided into two regions within the cerebellum. What is the role of the medial portion? What is the role of the parallel lateral portions?
Medial/Vermis: Postural Control
Paravermis: Force and Direction
The cerebrocerebellum are found on the most lateral portions of the cerebellum. What are the roles that the cerebrocerebellum is involved with?
Plan Complex motions
Squence motions
(works with the pre-SMA which plans the motor program required to make the action occur)
The VEstibulocerebellum is involved with what functions?
Balance and eye movements, especially relating to the future
What are the inputs of the more medial Spinocerebellum?
What are the outputs of the more medial Spinocerebellum and where do they go?
Inputs: Vestibular, Visual and Auditory, Efferent copy
Outputs: Interpositus nucleus (Globos and Emboliform) and Fastigial nucleus going to the Rubrospinal tract
What are the inputs of the more lateral Spinocerebellum?
What are the outputs of the more latearl Spinocerebellum and where do they go?
Inputs: muscle afferents, Efferent copy
Outputs: Interpositis nucleus (globos and emboliform) goes to the Rubrospinal tract
Which of the following areas of the cerebellum correct ongoing motions and control ballistic motions?
A. Medial Spinocerebellum
B. Lateral Spinocerebellum
C. Cerebrocerebellum
D. Vestibulocerebellum
Lateral Spinocerebellum (paravermis)
What are the inputs of the cerebrocerebellum?
What are the outputs of the cerebrocerebellum, and where do they go?
Inputs: All regions of the cerebral cortex
Outputs: Dentate nucleus send info back to the cortex
What are the inputs of the vestibulocerebellum?
What are the outputs of the vestibuolcerebellum and where do they go?
Inputs: Vestibular apparatus (indirect or direct)
Outputs: Fastigial Nuclei to the Vestibular Nuclei (Ascends or descends)
Without the basal ganglia what will generally happen?
- Unable to initiate motion
- Get stuck at the start of the motion
What is the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia, including the factors released?
Striatum (GABA) –> Globus Pallidus Externus (GABA)–> Subthalamic Nucleus (EAA) –> Substantia Nigra (R) and Globus Pallidus Internus (GABA) –> Thalamus
Describe what happens in the indirect pathway when the substantia nigra pars compacta releases dopamine that binds to the pathways D2 receptors?
SNPC releases Dopamine which inhibits the Indirect PAthway
Striatum (caudate and putamen) is inhibited and releases less GABA to the Globus Pallidus Externus
The Globus Pallidus externus is now depolarized and able to release increased amounts of GABA to the Subthalamic nucleus
The Subthalamic Nucleus is hyperpolarized/inhibited and releases lower amounts of EAA to the SNPR and GPi
The SNPR and GPi are inhibited and decrease the amount of GABA it releases to the THalamus
The Thalamus is can then send EAA to the cortex and excite it
What neurotransmitter activates the indirect pathway?
EAA
T/F: Once motion is started, the spinocerebellum is called upon to make sure the motion is correct
True
T/F: If we activate the alpha-motor neurons we also activate the gamma motor neurons
True
Which of the following actions would produce direct paralysis/inability to contract a skeletal muscle?
A. Agonist at muscarinic cholinergic receptors
B. An Atagonist to the nicotinic cholinergic receptors
C. An agonist to the GABAa receptor
D. An antargonist to NMDA receptor
An Atagonist to the nicotinic cholinergic receptors
Following a traumatic brain injury, a patient develops spasticity. Failure to activate which of the following is the direct cause of this finding?
A. Cortical regions controlling reflex activity
B. The brainstem inhibitory region
C. The cerebellum
D. The spinal cord at the level of the affected limbs
The brainstem inhibitory region
Which of the following allows you to distinguish a reflex action from a voluntary motion?
A. Specificity of the motion
B. Complexity of the motion
C. Speed of the motion
D. Involvement of the cortex
Speed of the motion
Which of the following requires information relayed by the dorsal visual pathay?
A. Naming the object placed in front of you
B. Moving your eyes to the source of a sound placed above and to your right
C. Moving your eyes in response to a motion to your right
D. Blocking a roundhouse kick
Blocking a roundhouse kick
A weightlifter attempts to lift a far too-heavy weight during competition. Their attempt fails when the muscles doing the lifting suddenly relax. What triggered this relaxation?
A. Activation of golgi tendon organs
B. Activation of pacinian corpsucles
C. Activation of muscle spindle fibers
D. Activation of bare nerve endings in the muscle
Activation of golgi tendon organs
Student Dr. Seuss picks up a large box, assuming it is quite heavy. It is, instead, empty and he lifts it far more rapidly than he intended. What afferent fiber relays this information to his brain?
A. Group Ia fiber
B. Group Ib fiber
C. Group II fiber
D. Group IV fiber
Group Ia fiber
(detects rate of change in length)
While examining a patient, someone unexpectedly walks across the room and the patient’s head and eyes move to the motion. What part of the brain produces this response?
A. Dorsal Visual Pathway
B. Ventral Visual pathway
C. Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
D. Area V4 of the primary visual cortex
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Which of the following is the most likely to activate the central pattern generator for walking under normal conditions?
A. Cortical input
B. Nociceptive input
C. Muscle affernt input
D. Joint proprioceptive input
Cortical input
Sensory input to a central pattern generator will be most important in which of the following situations?
A. Walking on a flat, paved sidewalk
B. Breathing at rest
C. Chewing a thick caramel candy
Chewing a thick caramel candy
Dr. Karius is given a drug that inhibits the action of F2. What is the effect of this intervention?
A. Dr. Karius is unable to pick up her diet pepsi because she can’t localize its location in reference to her own
B. Dr. Karius misses the bottle because she doesn’t know where her arm is in relation to the bottle
C. Dr. Karius is unable to initiate the motion required to pick up her diet Pepsi due to inactivation of the basal ganglia
D. Dr. Karius flings her diet Pepsi across the room because she can’t control the motion required
Dr. Karius misses the bottle because she doesn’t know where her arm is in relation to the bottle
Which of the folloiwng events is most directly controlled by the lateral regions of the spinocerebellum?
A. Performance of a complicated clarinet concerto that has been practiced to perfection
B. Correcting the force applied when lifting a box that is much lighter than estimated
C. Controlling the eye motions required to complete a motion that will occur in the future
D. Initiating the motion required to lift a diet pepsi
Correcting the force applied when lifting a box that is much lighter than estimated
As student Dr. Seuss reaches down to pick up his iPad charger, he finds he is unable to control his balance and falls. His vestibular reflexes are normal. What part of his brain is not functioning well?
A. Primary Motor cortex
B. Cerebrocerebellum
C. Basal Ganglia
D. Vestibulocerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum
