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Human basic neuroscience > Vestibular System COPY > Flashcards

Vestibular System COPY Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following components of the vestibular system found in the inner ear and is responsible for relaying head postion and motion via APs?

A. Vestibulothalamocortical Network

B. Central Cestibular Nuclei

C. Peropheral Receptor Apparatus

D. Vestibulospinal Network

E. Vestibuloocular Network

A

eropheral Receptor Apparatus

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2
Q

Which of the following components of the vestibular system is found within the brainstem and is responsible for integrating and distributing information needed to control motor activity and have spatial awareness?

A. Vestibulothalamocortical Network

B. Central Vestibular Nuclei

C. Peripheral Receptor Apparatus

D. Vestibulospinal Network

E. Vestibuloocular Network

A

Central Vestibular Nuclei

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3
Q

Which of the following components of the vestibular system is found within is involved in the control of eye movements while the head moves?

A. Vestibulothalamocortical Network

B. Central Vestibular Nuclei

C. Peripheral Receptor Apparatus

D. Vestibulospinal Network

E. Vestibuloocular Network

A

Vestibuloocular Network

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4
Q

Which of the following components of the vestibular system coordinates the head movements with the acial and postural muscles?

A. Vestibulothalamocortical Network

B. Central Cestibular Nuclei

C. Peropheral Receptor Apparatus

D. Vestibulospinal Network

E. Vestibuloocular Network

A

Vestibulospinal Network

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5
Q

Which of the following components of the vestibular system is involved with awarebess of movement and spatial orientation?

A. Vestibulothalamocortical Network

B. Central Cestibular Nuclei

C. Peropheral Receptor Apparatus

D. Vestibulospinal Network

E. Vestibuloocular Network

A

Vestibulothalamocortical Network

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6
Q

There are two major vestibular receptor organs that include the Semicircular canals and the otolithic organs of the utricle and saccule.

What head movements are detected by the Semicircular canal?

What head movements are detected by the otolithic organs of utrcle and saccule?

A

Semicircular Canal: Angular acceleration (rotational head movements)

Utricle and Saccule: Linear Acceleration (translational head movements)

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7
Q

Receptor cells that leave the vestibular organs (semicicurclar canals and utricle/saccule) are innervated by primary afferent fibers from what ganglion?

In general, the central processes of these fibers enter the brainstem and terminate on what two structures?

A

Vestibular Ganglion (Scarpa ganglion)

Ipsilateral vestibular nuclei and cerebellum

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8
Q

In general what leads to vestibular disease?

A. Disturbances in volume of endolymph

B. Disturbances in ion concentration of perilymph

C. Disturbance in volume and ion concentration of endolymph

D. Disturbacnes in volume and ion concentration of perilymph

A

Disturbance in volume and ion concentration of endolymph

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9
Q

What artery is the primary supply of the vestibular apparatus?

What artery also feeds the semicircular canals, but is not the primary source?

A

Labyrinthine A. (branch of the AICA that enters through Internal Auditory Meatus)

Stylomastoid A.

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10
Q

Interuption of the Labyrinthine A. will compromise the vestibular organs leading to what types of presentation/symptoms?

A

Vertigo

Nyastagmus

Unstable Gait

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11
Q

Meniere’s disease presnts with symptoms of fluctuating hearing loss, vertigo, positional nyastagmus, and nausea. What causes this disease to develop?

What are some treatments for this disease?

A

Disruption in the normal endolymph volume that leads to endolymphatic hydrops, also known as an abnormal distention of the membranous labyrinthe=

Treatment includes a diuretic or salt restricted diet, or possibly adding a shunt to drain the swollen sac

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12
Q

Hair cells determine positional changes as they are moved by endolymph. There are two types of hair cells Type I and Type II, that have no real significant difference except for what?

What nerve innervates these hair cells?

A

Type 1 has one large nerve terminal connection (nerve calyx)

Type 2 hair cells make several individual connections/synapse

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13
Q

The movement of sterocilia (hair cells) towards or away from the kinocelium is what activates or registers the vestibular system.

What direction does the sterocilia need to move in order to depolarize and activate?

Hyperpolarize and inhibit?

A

Sterocilia TOWARDS kinocelium results in depolarization and activation

Sterocilia AWAY from jinocilium results in hyperpolarization and inhibition

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14
Q

Correctly describe the detection mechanism that occurs within the semicircular canal. Start by describing the anatomical relationship of the structures involved

A

The semicircular canal contains the ampulla, where hair cells are located inside and embedded on the cristae along the base of the ampulla. Hair cells extend into the cupula.

Rotational/angular acceleration moves the endolymph causing it to displace the cupula. The movement of the cupula displaces the hair cells, which are then excited or inhibited depending on direction

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15
Q

Correctly describe the detection mechanism that occurs within the utricle and saccule. Start by describing the anatomical relationship of the structures involved

A

The utricle and Saccule contain the maculae. Inside the maculae are sterocilia that extend into the otolith membrane. The otolithic membrane is covered by otoconia (ear stones).

Gravity/Linear acceleration displaces the otoconia and bends the underlying sterocilia

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16
Q

Nerves leaving the the ampulla and the maculae converge as what primary afferent fiber before entering what junction found within the brainstem?

A

CN VIII

Pontomedullary Junction

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17
Q

Secondary vestibular afferents leave the pontomedullary junction and project to what nuclei?

What information do these nuclei encode?

A

Vestibular Nuclei (superior, medial, lateral, inferior)

Direction

Speed of movement

Head position

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18
Q

The secondary neurons that leave the vestibular nuclei target what 3 cranial nerve nuclei?

What other four 4 structures are targets so that we can integrate information?

A

CN: 3, 4, 6

Vestibulocerebellum

Spinal Cord

Reticular Formation

Thalamus

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19
Q

Vestibulovestibular fibers are secondary fibers that make reciprocal connections with analagous contralaterally located nuclei. Which of the following correctly expresses what these fibers signal when the head turns right?

A. Left afferents are inhibited, right afferents are inhibited

B. Left afferent are inhibited, right afferents are inhibited

C. Left afferents activated, right afferents activated

D. Left afferents are inhibited, right afferents are activated

A

Left afferents are inhibited, right afferents are activated

20
Q

Spinovestibular fibers arise from all spinal cord levels to provide what type of input?

A. Nociceptive

B. Proprioceptive

C. Discrimintive touch

D. Pain and temperature

A

Proprioceptive

21
Q
A

Look at it Again

22
Q

What is the only sensory organ body that sends direct projections to the cerebellum?

A

Vestibulocerebellar Fibers

23
Q

There are primary and secondary vestibulocerebellar fibers that course through thejuxtaretiform body found inthe inferior cerebellar peduncle.

What do the primary vestibulocerebellar fibers target?

What do primary vestibulocerebellar fibers terminate as?

What do secondary vestibulocerebellar fibers target?

A

Primary Vestibulocerebellar Fibers

  • Target: Dentate nucleus
  • Terminate: Mossy fibers

Seondary Vestibulocerebellar Fibers

  • Flocculondular Lobe
  • Fastigial Nuclei
  • Dentate Nuclei
24
Q

What is dizziness?

A

A nonspecific term that general refers to spatial disorientation

25
Q

Vertigo is an illusion of body motion, that is sub divided into to types: subjective and objective vertigo. Define both subtypes?

A

Subjective Vertigo: when you feel like you’re spinning

Objective Vertigo: when it feels like the room is spinning

26
Q

Which of the following correctly describes Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo? What causes this disorder?

A. Triggered by specifc changes in body motion like turning over in bed that causes brief episodes of vertigo

B. Patients present with hearing loss (100% of the time), gait difficulties (70%), and tinnitus

C. Patients present with severe vertigo, nausea, and vomiting, but no accompanying hearing loss or other CNS deficits

D. None of the above

A

A. Triggered by specifc changes in body motion like turning over in bed that causes brief episodes of vertigo

  • Cause:*
  • Otoconial crystals from the utricle seperate from the otolithic membrane and become lodged in the cupula of a semicircular canal (cupulolithiasis)*
27
Q

Which of the following correctly describes VEstibular Neuritis? What causes this disorder?

A. Triggered by specifc changes in body motion like turning over in bed that causes brief episodes of vertigo

B. Patients present with hearing loss (100% of the time), gait difficulties (70%), and tinnitus

C. Patients present with severe vertigo, nausea, and vomiting, but no accompanying hearing loss or other CNS deficits

D. None of the above

A

Patients present with severe vertigo, nausea, and vomiting, but no accompanying hearing loss or other CNS deficits

  • Cause:*
  • Edema of the Vestibular nerve or ganglion; some patients report a recent viral infection preceeding the development*
28
Q

Which of the following correctly describes Vestibular Schwannoma? What causes this disorder?

A. Triggered by specifc changes in body motion like turning over in bed that causes brief episodes of vertigo

B. Patients present with hearing loss (100% of the time), gait difficulties (70%), and tinnitus (70%)

C. Patients present with severe vertigo, nausea, and vomiting, but no accompanying hearing loss or other CNS deficits

D. None of the above

A

Patients present with hearing loss (100% of the time), gait difficulties (70%), and tinnitus (70%)

  • Cause:*
  • A benign tumor that came from Schwann cells of the vestibular root impinges on structures going through the internal acoustic meatus (CN7, CN8, Labyrinthine A.)*
29
Q

Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract originates from the lateral and inferior vestibular nuclei and projects tp the ipsilateral spinal cord on the anterorostral and posterocaudal areas. What is the function of this tract?

A

Control of extensors on the ipsilateral side for maintaining posture

30
Q

What is the purpose of the vestibulocolic reflex?

What vestibulospinal tract is it related to?

A

Stabilize the head by activating neck musculature

Medial Vestibulospinal Tract

31
Q

The Medial Vestibulospinal Tract receives integrated input from vestibular receptors, the cerebellum and what very important ascending tract?

A

PCMLS

32
Q

Which of the following correctly expresses the path and function of the Medial Vestibulospinal Tract?

A. Fibers descend ipsilaterally through the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus and terminate in the cervical spinal cord to stabilize neck flexors and extensor musculature

B. Fibers descend contralterally through the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus and terminate in the cervical spinal cord to stabilize neck extensors and extensor musculature

C. Fibers descend bilaterally through the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus and terminate in the cervical spinal cord to stabilize neck extensors and flexor musculature

D. Fibers descend bilaterally through the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus and terminate in the cervical spinal cord to stabilize neck flexors and extensor musculature

A

Fibers descend bilaterally through the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus and terminate in the cervical spinal cord to stabilize neck flexors and extensor musculature

33
Q

All vestibular nuclei project to what complex?

A

Ventral Posterior Nuclear Complex

34
Q

Thalamic nuclei function to relay vestibular input for processing of motion and body orientation and the third order neurons target the following cortical areas. A lesion in which of the following locations would cause vertigo, unsteadiness, and loss of ‘visual vertigo’?

A. Primary Somatosensory Cortex

B. Parietoinsular Vestibular Cortex

C. Posterior Parietal Cortex

D. None of the above

A

Parietoinsular Vestibular Cortex

35
Q

Thalamic nuclei function to relay vestibular input for processing of motion and body orientation and the third order neurons target the following cortical areas. A lesion in which of the following locations would result in confusion in spatial awareness?

A. Primary Somatosensory Cortex

B. Parietoinsular Vestibular Cortex

C. Posterior Parietal Cortex

D. None of the above

A

Posterior Parietal Cortex

36
Q

What is the function of the THalmocortical Pathways?

A

Processing of motion and body orientation

37
Q

What is the vestibuloocular Reflex?

What’s an example of when it’s used?

A

Counter rotation of the eyes that allows our bodies to stabilize images during head movement

Looking at a sign while running

38
Q

Vestibulooccular Reflex (VOR) has a slow phase and a fast phase. The combo of the slpw phase and punctuated fast phase is called what?

How is this action type named?

A

Nystagmus

  • named for the fast phase
39
Q

Describe the pathway of the VOR as it occurs during head rotation to the right

A
  1. Fluid movement in the right semicu=ircular duct
  2. Increased activation of the right afferent fibers, and inhibition of left affernt fibers
  3. Right afferent fibers stimulate right vestibular nuclei
  4. Secondary fibers activate the left CN 6 nucleus and right CN 3 nucleus via MFL
  5. Lateral rectus activates in the left eye and medial rectus in the right eye activates
40
Q

What causes spontaneus Nystagmus?

A

Unilateral damage to the vestibular system

41
Q

How do you tell the difference between peripheral damage or central damage that results in sponatneous nystagmus?

A

Peripheral damage will only result in spontaneus nystagmus, while Central damage we will also see other eye movement errors

NOTE: peripheral damage is to the vestibular labyrinth and or CN 8

42
Q

The CAloric test is a short-term test that is used to determine vestibular dysfunction. Using warm or cold water, we are able to simulate head turning (via convection currents on endolymph) and test for the VOR reflex.

Warm water results in nystagmus in what direction?

Cold water results in nystagmus in what direction?

A

Warm water is same side nystagmus

Cold water is opposite side nystagmus

43
Q

T/F: The Oculocephalic Reflex (also called the doll’s eye maneuver) is a compensatory reflex that occurs when the head moves causing eyes to move in the opposite direction of the head. The Head thrust test, looks at this reflex and is used on comatose patients to determine if the brainstem is intact. If there is a lesion in the brainstem, would the doll’s eye reflex be present or absent?

A

Reflex would be absent

44
Q
A

Look at it again

45
Q

To test for a brainstem lesion we will utilize the caloric test, and use warm water in the right ear. Which of the following would you likely see when there is a bilateral lesion of the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus?

A. During slow phase the Left Lateral rectus activated but right medial rectus absent

B. During slow phase the Right Lateral rectus activated but left medial rectus is absent

C. During slow phase neither the lateral rectus nor medial rectus is activated

D. During slow phase the left lateral rectus is inhibted and the left medial rectus is activated

A

During slow phase the Left Lateral rectus activated but right medial rectus absent

Human basic neuroscience (68 decks)

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