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Human basic neuroscience > Neurotransmitter Systems > Flashcards

Neurotransmitter Systems Flashcards

1
Q

There are 2 general neurotransmitter receptors. Ionotropic receptors are associated with an ion channel that opens in response to a binding of a neurotransmitter. Metabotropic (Serpentine) receptors bind an NT and activate a second messenger system. List the 3 major second messenger systems you know and what they generally activate?

A

Gs alpha subunit: Stimulates Adenylate cyclase

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) alpha (Gi-alpha): Inhibits adenylate cyclase

Gq protein-coupled receptors: production of DAG and IP3 (intracellular calcium release)

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2
Q

Inhibitory post synaptic potential hyperpolarizes the membrane and moves the AP probability by moving further from threshold. The influx of what ion causes this?

A

Chloride (Cl-)

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3
Q

In neurophysiology, the location in the brain that makes the NT is the location of the cell bodies. HOWEVER, axons from these cell bodies can travel far from the nucleus that houses the cell bodies

A

Got it

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4
Q

Which of the following neurons are found in the Raphe Nuclei?

A. Dopaminergic

B. Serotonergic

C. GABA

D. Glutamate

A

Serotonergic

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5
Q

Monoamines are a class of neurotransmitters that includes those that are created by modifying one amino acid. What are the 5 monoamines?

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Dopamine

Serotonin

Histamine

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6
Q

Which of the following locations would you find epinephrine?

A. Locus Ceruleus and other pontine/medullary areas

B. Medulla

C. Basal Ganglia

D. Brainstem Raphe Nuclei

E. Tuberomamilary nucleus of the Hypothalamus

A

Medulla

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7
Q

Which of the following locations would you find norepinephrine?

A. Locus Ceruleus and other pontine/medullary areas

B. Medulla

C. Basal Ganglia

D. Brainstem Raphe Nuclei

E. Tuberomamilary nucleus of the Hypothalamus

A

Locus Ceruleus and other pontine/medullary areas

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8
Q

Which of the following locations would you find histamine?

A. Locus Ceruleus and other pontine/medullary areas

B. Medulla

C. Basal Ganglia

D. Brainstem Raphe Nuclei

E. Tuberomamilary nucleus of the Hypothalamus

A

Tuberomamilary nucleus of the Hypothalamus

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9
Q

Which of the following locations would you find dopamine?

A. Locus Ceruleus and other pontine/medullary areas

B. Medulla

C. Basal Ganglia

D. Brainstem Raphe Nuclei

E. Tuberomamilary nucleus of the Hypothalamus

A

Basal Ganglia

also the cortex, hypothalmus, and limbic system

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10
Q

What are the 3 monamines that are derived from tyrosine?

Put them in order, and indicate which step is rate limiting with the use of Tyrosine Hydroxylase enzyme

A

Tyrosine > Dopamine > Norepinephrine > Epinephrine

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11
Q

The transport of norepinephrine and epinephrine in vesicles requires the use of VMAT1 and VMAT2. Hwoever, this process can be inhibted by what enzyme that leads to synaptic failure?

A. Monamine Oxidase

B. Catechol-O-methyl Transferase

C. Resperine

D. All of the above

A

Resperine

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12
Q

The actions of epinephrine and norepinephrine can be limited in two major ways either through reuptake or enzymatic degredation. The enzymatic degredation of these two monoamines occurs through the use of one of the 2 enzymes below based on location. Which of the following degratory enzymes is found on the outersurface of mitochondria and released into the ECF?

A. Monamine Oxidase

B. Catechol-O-methyl Transferase

A

Monamine Oxidase: mitochondria

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13
Q

The actions of epinephrine and norepinephrine can be limited in two major ways either through reuptake or enzymatic degredation. The enzymatic degredation of these two monoamines occurs through the use of one of the 2 enzymes below based on location. Where would Catechol-O-methyl Transferase

A. Glial cells and pre-synaptic membrane

B. Tracts and glial cells

C. Glial cells and post-synaptic membrane

D. Glial cells and axon hillocks

A

Glial cells and post-synaptic membrane

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14
Q

How do you limit the action of dopamine? Be specific about what enzymes are used

A

Reuptake

Either monoamine oxidase A (MAO) or catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) can catalyze the first step in catecholamine catabolism

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15
Q

Dopamine can bind to 5 receptor types, that each have a different influence. Binding of dopamine to which of the following would decrease cAMP production?

A. D1 and D5

B. D2

C. D3 and D4

D. All of the above

E. All but D1 and D5

A

All But A.

D2, D3, D4

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16
Q

Dopamine can bind to 5 receptor types, that each have a different influence. Binding of dopamine to which of the following increases cAMP/

A. D1 and D5

B. D2

C. D3 and D4

D. All of the above

E. All but D1 and D5

A

D1 and D5

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17
Q

Dopamine receptors D3 and D4 are “D-2 like”, but D2 does what extra step after decreasing cAMP production?

A. Increases Potassium Efflux

B. Increases Potassium Influx

C. Increases Calcium Efflux

D. Increases Calcium Influx

A

Increases Potassium efflux

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18
Q

Serotonin is derived from what amino acid?

What enzyme converts it?

A

Tryptophan

Tryptophan Hydroxylase

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19
Q

The actions of Dopamine and Serotonin are limitied in the same 2 ways. What are they?

A

Reuptake

Catabolism via MAO and COMT

20
Q

There are 7 receptor types that are associated with 5HT, also known as serotonin. Which of the following is ionotropic and associated with area postrema and vomiting?

A. 5HT1

B. 5HT2

C. 5HT3

D. 5HT6

E. 5HT7

A

5HT3

NOTE: 5HT6 has an anti-depressant effect

21
Q

What amino acid is histamine derived from?

A. Tyrosine

B. Tryptophan

C. Glutamate

D. Hitidine

A

Histidine

22
Q

How is the action of histamine limited?

A. Diamine Oxidase

B. MAO and Diamine Oxidase

C. MAO and COMT

D. COMT and Diamine Oxidase

A

Reuptake

Catabolism by Diamine Oxidase and COMT

23
Q

There are 3 receptor types associated with Histamine. Which of the following is found in the brain in lower numbers compared to the other two, and acts to increase cAMP (associated with releasing gastric acid)?

A. H1

B. H2

C. H3

A

H2

24
Q

There are 3 receptor types associated with Histamine. Which of the following receptors is involved with PLC activation?

A. H1

B. H2

C. H3

A

H1

25
Q

There are 3 receptor types associated with Histamine. Which of the following receptors is presynaptic and decreases the amount of histamine release?

A. H1

B. H2

C. H3

A

H3

26
Q

Acetylcholine is found in all of the following locations. Determine which location Ach is used for

  1. Control of voluntary motion
  2. REM, and baseline excitation to cortex

A. Striatum Caudate

B. Midbrain

C. Pons

D. Striatum Putamen

A
  1. Control of voluntary motion

Striatum Caudate and Striatum Putamen

  1. REM, and baseline excitation to cortex

Pons​ and Midbrain

27
Q

Ach associates with a multitude of receptor types, one of them being muscarinic. Each muscarinic subtype is found in a specific location and triggers a specific event once Ach binds. Which of the following is neuronal and increases calcium production? (Gq)

A. M1

B. M2

C. M3

D. M4

E. M5

A

M1

28
Q

Ach associates with a multitude of receptor types, one of them being muscarinic. Each muscarinic subtype is found in a specific location and triggers a specific event once Ach binds. Which of the following is found in presynaptic autoreceptor and striatum of basal ganglia? (Gi)

A. M1

B. M2

C. M3

D. M4

E. M5

A

M4

29
Q

Ach associates with a multitude of receptor types, one of them being muscarinic. Each muscarinic subtype is found in a specific location and triggers a specific event once Ach binds. Which of the following is found in cerebrovasculature and dopaminergic neurons of the basal ganglia? It also increases calcium influx

A. M1

B. M2

C. M3

D. M4

E. M5

A

M5

30
Q

GABA is normally widespread throughout the CNS, but iwhat location within the CNS has the least amount of GABA?

A. Medulla

B. Forebrain

C. Spinal Cord

D. Pons

A

Spinal Cord

31
Q

Which of the following takes GABA on the presynaptic terminal, and allows GABA to be immediatly repackaged into vesicles as is?

A. Vesicular GABA TRansporter Protein (VGAT)

B. GAT1

C. GAT2

D. None of the above

A

GAT 1

32
Q

Which of the following removes GABA on the glial cells surrounding the synapse, and causes GABA to be reconverted to glutamine, released back into the ECF and then eventually repackaged as GABA?

A. Vesicular GABA TRansporter Protein (VGAT)

B. GAT1

C. GAT2

D. None of the above

A

GAT2

33
Q

Which of the following opiod receptors is metobotropic receptor, and not serpentine?

A. Mu

B. Kappa

C. Delta

A

Mu

34
Q

All of the opiod receptors cause which of the following effects?

A. Analgesia

B. Dysphoria

C. Diuresis

D. Miosis

A

Analgesia

35
Q

All of the following opiod receptors decrease calcium influx, EXCEPT for which of the following that leads to an increase in potassium efflux causing hyperpolarization?

A. Mu

B. Delta

C. Kappa

A

Mu

36
Q

Which of the following are identified endogenous cannabinoids?

A. THC

B. Anandamide

C. 2-Arachidonylglycerol

D. All of the above

E. All but A

A

All but A

B. Anandamide

C. 2-Arachidonylglycerol

37
Q

Endocannabinoids are broadly distributed in the CNS and based on location have different effects. Which of the following locations is involved with modulation of nociception?

A. Basal Ganglia

B. Spinal Cord

C. Cortex

D. Hippocampus

E. Hypothalamus

A

A. Basal Ganglia- mood and motor performance

B. Spinal Cord

  • C. Cortex- neuroprotection*
  • D. Hippocampus- memory formation*
  • E. Hypothalamus- control of body energy and hunger*
38
Q

T/F: Endocannabinoids are derived from membrane lipids (arachidonic acid) and this process occurs at the postsynaptic terminal

A

False; Endocannabinoids are derived from membrane lipids (arachidonic acid) and this process occurs at the presynaptic terminal

39
Q
A

Just Keep Looking at It

40
Q

What ionotropic receptor has multiple glycine binding sites, and when activated directly allows the influx of calcium?

A

NMDA receptor

41
Q

The NMDA receptor has multiple modulary sites. Which of the following is a required co-agonist but it alone cannot open the channel?

A. Glycine binding site

B. Magnesium binding site

C. PCP binding site

A

Glycine binding site

42
Q

The NMDA receptor has multiple modulary sites. Which of the following is blocks the channel at resting membrane potentional, and prevents calcium influx when the channel opens?

A. Glycine binding site

B. Magnesium binding site

C. PCP binding site

A

Magnesium binding site

43
Q

What are the 2 non-NMDA ionotropic receptors associated with EAA, that primarly cause Na influx?

A

AMPA

Kainate

44
Q

Which of the following ionotropic receptors associated with EAA is associated with primary sensory afferents and upper motorneurons?

A. NMDA

B. AMPA

C. Kainate

D. All but A

A

AMPA

Kainate

45
Q

Which of the following ionotropic receptors associated with EAA is is CRITICAL in short and longterm memory formation?

A. NMDA

B. AMPA

C. Kainate

D. All but A

A

NMDA

46
Q
A

just keep looking at this too

Human basic neuroscience (68 decks)

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