Neurotransmitter Systems Flashcards
There are 2 general neurotransmitter receptors. Ionotropic receptors are associated with an ion channel that opens in response to a binding of a neurotransmitter. Metabotropic (Serpentine) receptors bind an NT and activate a second messenger system. List the 3 major second messenger systems you know and what they generally activate?
Gs alpha subunit: Stimulates Adenylate cyclase
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) alpha (Gi-alpha): Inhibits adenylate cyclase
Gq protein-coupled receptors: production of DAG and IP3 (intracellular calcium release)
Inhibitory post synaptic potential hyperpolarizes the membrane and moves the AP probability by moving further from threshold. The influx of what ion causes this?
Chloride (Cl-)
In neurophysiology, the location in the brain that makes the NT is the location of the cell bodies. HOWEVER, axons from these cell bodies can travel far from the nucleus that houses the cell bodies
Got it
Which of the following neurons are found in the Raphe Nuclei?
A. Dopaminergic
B. Serotonergic
C. GABA
D. Glutamate
Serotonergic
Monoamines are a class of neurotransmitters that includes those that are created by modifying one amino acid. What are the 5 monoamines?
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Histamine
Which of the following locations would you find epinephrine?
A. Locus Ceruleus and other pontine/medullary areas
B. Medulla
C. Basal Ganglia
D. Brainstem Raphe Nuclei
E. Tuberomamilary nucleus of the Hypothalamus
Medulla
Which of the following locations would you find norepinephrine?
A. Locus Ceruleus and other pontine/medullary areas
B. Medulla
C. Basal Ganglia
D. Brainstem Raphe Nuclei
E. Tuberomamilary nucleus of the Hypothalamus
Locus Ceruleus and other pontine/medullary areas
Which of the following locations would you find histamine?
A. Locus Ceruleus and other pontine/medullary areas
B. Medulla
C. Basal Ganglia
D. Brainstem Raphe Nuclei
E. Tuberomamilary nucleus of the Hypothalamus
Tuberomamilary nucleus of the Hypothalamus
Which of the following locations would you find dopamine?
A. Locus Ceruleus and other pontine/medullary areas
B. Medulla
C. Basal Ganglia
D. Brainstem Raphe Nuclei
E. Tuberomamilary nucleus of the Hypothalamus
Basal Ganglia
also the cortex, hypothalmus, and limbic system
What are the 3 monamines that are derived from tyrosine?
Put them in order, and indicate which step is rate limiting with the use of Tyrosine Hydroxylase enzyme
Tyrosine > Dopamine > Norepinephrine > Epinephrine
The transport of norepinephrine and epinephrine in vesicles requires the use of VMAT1 and VMAT2. Hwoever, this process can be inhibted by what enzyme that leads to synaptic failure?
A. Monamine Oxidase
B. Catechol-O-methyl Transferase
C. Resperine
D. All of the above
Resperine
The actions of epinephrine and norepinephrine can be limited in two major ways either through reuptake or enzymatic degredation. The enzymatic degredation of these two monoamines occurs through the use of one of the 2 enzymes below based on location. Which of the following degratory enzymes is found on the outersurface of mitochondria and released into the ECF?
A. Monamine Oxidase
B. Catechol-O-methyl Transferase
Monamine Oxidase: mitochondria
The actions of epinephrine and norepinephrine can be limited in two major ways either through reuptake or enzymatic degredation. The enzymatic degredation of these two monoamines occurs through the use of one of the 2 enzymes below based on location. Where would Catechol-O-methyl Transferase
A. Glial cells and pre-synaptic membrane
B. Tracts and glial cells
C. Glial cells and post-synaptic membrane
D. Glial cells and axon hillocks
Glial cells and post-synaptic membrane
How do you limit the action of dopamine? Be specific about what enzymes are used
Reuptake
Either monoamine oxidase A (MAO) or catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) can catalyze the first step in catecholamine catabolism
Dopamine can bind to 5 receptor types, that each have a different influence. Binding of dopamine to which of the following would decrease cAMP production?
A. D1 and D5
B. D2
C. D3 and D4
D. All of the above
E. All but D1 and D5
All But A.
D2, D3, D4
Dopamine can bind to 5 receptor types, that each have a different influence. Binding of dopamine to which of the following increases cAMP/
A. D1 and D5
B. D2
C. D3 and D4
D. All of the above
E. All but D1 and D5
D1 and D5
Dopamine receptors D3 and D4 are “D-2 like”, but D2 does what extra step after decreasing cAMP production?
A. Increases Potassium Efflux
B. Increases Potassium Influx
C. Increases Calcium Efflux
D. Increases Calcium Influx
Increases Potassium efflux
Serotonin is derived from what amino acid?
What enzyme converts it?
Tryptophan
Tryptophan Hydroxylase
The actions of Dopamine and Serotonin are limitied in the same 2 ways. What are they?
Reuptake
Catabolism via MAO and COMT
There are 7 receptor types that are associated with 5HT, also known as serotonin. Which of the following is ionotropic and associated with area postrema and vomiting?
A. 5HT1
B. 5HT2
C. 5HT3
D. 5HT6
E. 5HT7
5HT3
NOTE: 5HT6 has an anti-depressant effect
What amino acid is histamine derived from?
A. Tyrosine
B. Tryptophan
C. Glutamate
D. Hitidine
Histidine
How is the action of histamine limited?
A. Diamine Oxidase
B. MAO and Diamine Oxidase
C. MAO and COMT
D. COMT and Diamine Oxidase
Reuptake
Catabolism by Diamine Oxidase and COMT
There are 3 receptor types associated with Histamine. Which of the following is found in the brain in lower numbers compared to the other two, and acts to increase cAMP (associated with releasing gastric acid)?
A. H1
B. H2
C. H3
H2
There are 3 receptor types associated with Histamine. Which of the following receptors is involved with PLC activation?
A. H1
B. H2
C. H3
H1
There are 3 receptor types associated with Histamine. Which of the following receptors is presynaptic and decreases the amount of histamine release?
A. H1
B. H2
C. H3
H3
Acetylcholine is found in all of the following locations. Determine which location Ach is used for
- Control of voluntary motion
- REM, and baseline excitation to cortex
A. Striatum Caudate
B. Midbrain
C. Pons
D. Striatum Putamen
- Control of voluntary motion
Striatum Caudate and Striatum Putamen
- REM, and baseline excitation to cortex
Pons and Midbrain
Ach associates with a multitude of receptor types, one of them being muscarinic. Each muscarinic subtype is found in a specific location and triggers a specific event once Ach binds. Which of the following is neuronal and increases calcium production? (Gq)
A. M1
B. M2
C. M3
D. M4
E. M5
M1
Ach associates with a multitude of receptor types, one of them being muscarinic. Each muscarinic subtype is found in a specific location and triggers a specific event once Ach binds. Which of the following is found in presynaptic autoreceptor and striatum of basal ganglia? (Gi)
A. M1
B. M2
C. M3
D. M4
E. M5
M4
Ach associates with a multitude of receptor types, one of them being muscarinic. Each muscarinic subtype is found in a specific location and triggers a specific event once Ach binds. Which of the following is found in cerebrovasculature and dopaminergic neurons of the basal ganglia? It also increases calcium influx
A. M1
B. M2
C. M3
D. M4
E. M5
M5
GABA is normally widespread throughout the CNS, but iwhat location within the CNS has the least amount of GABA?
A. Medulla
B. Forebrain
C. Spinal Cord
D. Pons
Spinal Cord
Which of the following takes GABA on the presynaptic terminal, and allows GABA to be immediatly repackaged into vesicles as is?
A. Vesicular GABA TRansporter Protein (VGAT)
B. GAT1
C. GAT2
D. None of the above
GAT 1
Which of the following removes GABA on the glial cells surrounding the synapse, and causes GABA to be reconverted to glutamine, released back into the ECF and then eventually repackaged as GABA?
A. Vesicular GABA TRansporter Protein (VGAT)
B. GAT1
C. GAT2
D. None of the above
GAT2
Which of the following opiod receptors is metobotropic receptor, and not serpentine?
A. Mu
B. Kappa
C. Delta
Mu
All of the opiod receptors cause which of the following effects?
A. Analgesia
B. Dysphoria
C. Diuresis
D. Miosis
Analgesia
All of the following opiod receptors decrease calcium influx, EXCEPT for which of the following that leads to an increase in potassium efflux causing hyperpolarization?
A. Mu
B. Delta
C. Kappa
Mu
Which of the following are identified endogenous cannabinoids?
A. THC
B. Anandamide
C. 2-Arachidonylglycerol
D. All of the above
E. All but A
All but A
B. Anandamide
C. 2-Arachidonylglycerol
Endocannabinoids are broadly distributed in the CNS and based on location have different effects. Which of the following locations is involved with modulation of nociception?
A. Basal Ganglia
B. Spinal Cord
C. Cortex
D. Hippocampus
E. Hypothalamus
A. Basal Ganglia- mood and motor performance
B. Spinal Cord
- C. Cortex- neuroprotection*
- D. Hippocampus- memory formation*
- E. Hypothalamus- control of body energy and hunger*
T/F: Endocannabinoids are derived from membrane lipids (arachidonic acid) and this process occurs at the postsynaptic terminal
False; Endocannabinoids are derived from membrane lipids (arachidonic acid) and this process occurs at the presynaptic terminal
Just Keep Looking at It
What ionotropic receptor has multiple glycine binding sites, and when activated directly allows the influx of calcium?
NMDA receptor
The NMDA receptor has multiple modulary sites. Which of the following is a required co-agonist but it alone cannot open the channel?
A. Glycine binding site
B. Magnesium binding site
C. PCP binding site
Glycine binding site
The NMDA receptor has multiple modulary sites. Which of the following is blocks the channel at resting membrane potentional, and prevents calcium influx when the channel opens?
A. Glycine binding site
B. Magnesium binding site
C. PCP binding site
Magnesium binding site
What are the 2 non-NMDA ionotropic receptors associated with EAA, that primarly cause Na influx?
AMPA
Kainate
Which of the following ionotropic receptors associated with EAA is associated with primary sensory afferents and upper motorneurons?
A. NMDA
B. AMPA
C. Kainate
D. All but A
AMPA
Kainate
Which of the following ionotropic receptors associated with EAA is is CRITICAL in short and longterm memory formation?
A. NMDA
B. AMPA
C. Kainate
D. All but A
NMDA
just keep looking at this too
