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AP PSYCH > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

define EMPIRICISM

A

idea knowledge originates in experience & science should rely on observation & experimentations

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2
Q

define STRUCTURALISM

A

early school of thought promoted by Wundt & Titchener using introspection to reveal structure of mind

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3
Q

define FUNCTIONALISM

A

early school of thought promoted by James & influenced by Darwin, exploring mental & behavioral processes’ function enabling adaptation, survival, & flourishment

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4
Q

define EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

A

study of behavior & thinking using experimental method

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5
Q

define BEHAVIORISM

A

view that behaviors should be studied w/o consideration of mental processes & that any behavior can be conditioned; psychology should be objective

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6
Q

define HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY

A

historically significant perspective emphasizing potential growth of healthy people

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7
Q

define COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

A

interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked w/cognition (& perception, thinking, memory, & language)

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8
Q

define PSYCHOLOGY

A

science of behavior & mental processes

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9
Q

define NATURE-NURTURE ISSUE

A

longstanding controversy over relative contributions genes & experiences make to development of psychological traits & behaviors

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10
Q

define NATURAL SELECTION

A

principle that among range of inherited trait variations, those reproducing & survive will most likely pass trait to next generation

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11
Q

define LEVELS OF ANALYSIS

A

differing complementary views of biological, psychological, & social-cultural to analyze any phenomenon

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12
Q

define BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH

A

integrated approach (& perspective) incorporating biological, psychological, & social-cultural levels of analysis

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13
Q

define BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGY

A

perspective & study of observable behavior & its explanation by principles of learning

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14
Q

define BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY

A

perspective & study of links between biological & psychological processes

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15
Q

define COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

A

perspective & study all mental activities associated w/thinking, knowing, remembering, & communicating

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16
Q

define EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY

A

perspective & study of evolution of behavior & mind using principles of natural selection

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17
Q

define PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOLOGY

A

perspective & study of how unconscious drives & conflicts to influence behaviors; uses info to treat people w/psychological disorders

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18
Q

define SOCIAL-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY

A

perspective & study how situations & cultures affect our behavior & thinking

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19
Q

define PSYCHOMETRICS

A

study of measurement of human abilities, attitudes, & traits

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20
Q

define BASIC RESEARCH

A

pure science aiming to increase scientific knowledge base

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21
Q

define DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

A

studies physical, cognitive, & social change throughout life span

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22
Q

define EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

A

how psychological processes affect & enhance teaching/learning

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23
Q

define PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY

A

study of individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling & acting

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24
Q

define SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

A

study of how we think about, influence & relate to one another

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25
Q

define APPLIED RESEARCH

A

scientific study aiming to solve practical problems

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26
Q

define INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL (I/O) PSYCHOLOGY

A

application of psychological concepts & methods to optimize human behavior @ work

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27
Q

define HUMAN FACTORS PSYCHOLOGY

A

I/O psychology subfield exploring how ppl & machines interact & how machines & physical environments can be made safe & easy to use

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28
Q

define COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY

A

assists people w/problems in living & achieving greater well-being

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29
Q

define CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

A

studies, assiesses, & treats ppl w/psychological disorders

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30
Q

define PSYCHIATRY

A

medicine dealing w/psychological disorders & provides medical treatments & therapy

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31
Q

define POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

A

study of human function w/goals of discovering & promoting stresgnths & virtues that help individuals & communities thrive

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32
Q

define COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY

A

studies how people interact w/social environment & how social institutes affect individuals & groups

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33
Q

define ARCHIVAL MEASURES

A

data obtained from existing records & storage

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34
Q

define CASE STUDY

A

descriptive technique which 1 indiv/group studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles

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35
Q

define CONFOUNDING VARIABLES

A

factor other than independent variable that might produce effect in environment

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36
Q

define CONTROL GROUP

A

group not exposed to treatment to contrast experimental group & compare to evaluate effect of treatment

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37
Q

define CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

A

non-experimental research measuring 2 variables & understand the statistical relationship between them

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38
Q

define CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

A

statistical index of relationship between 2 variables from (-1 to +1)

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39
Q

define COUNTERBALANCING

A

technique to deal w/order effects when using repeated measures design

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40
Q

define DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS

A

cues that might indicate research objectives to participants

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41
Q

define DEPENDENT VARIABLES

A

outcome factor; the variable that may change due to manipulation of independent variable

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42
Q

define DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

A

numerical data to measure & describe characteristics of groups including measures of central tendency & variation

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43
Q

define DOUBLE-BLIND PROCEDURE

A

experiment in which both research participants & research staff are ignorant about whether participants received treatment or placebo

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44
Q

define EXPERIMENT

A

research method where investigator manipulates 1 or more factors to observe effects on some behavior/mental process

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45
Q

define EXPERIMENTAL GROUP

A

group exposed to treatment, that is, to 1 version of independent variable

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46
Q

define experimenter expectancy effects

A

how perceived expectations of observer can influence ppl being observed; aka observer expectancy effect

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47
Q

define EXTERNAL VALIDITY

A

how well outcome of research study can be expected to apply to other settings

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48
Q

define HYPOTHESIS

A

testable prediction often implied by theory

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49
Q

define INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

A

experimental factor that is manipulated whose effect is being studied

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50
Q

define INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

A

numerical data allowing one to generalize/infer sample data of probability of something true in population

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51
Q

define INFORMED CONSENT

A

ethical principle that research participants be told enough to choose whether they wish to participate

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52
Q

define INTERNAL VALIDITY

A

extent observed results represent truth in population

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53
Q

define MEAN

A

mathematical average of distribution from adding scores then dividing by number of scores

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54
Q

define MEDIAN

A

middle score where half the scores are above & half are below

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55
Q

define META-ANALYSIS

A

procedure for statistically combining results of many different research studies

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56
Q

define MODE

A

most frequently occurring score

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57
Q

define NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION

A

observing & recording behavior in naturally occurring situations w/o trying to manipulate/control situation

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58
Q

define NEGATIVE CORRELATION

A

2 variables move in opposite size & direction from each other

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59
Q

define OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

A

carefully worded statement about procedures used in study

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60
Q

define PLACEBO

A

experimental results from expectations that participants received treatment when they did not

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61
Q

define PLACEBO EFFECT

A

effect on behavior from placebo

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62
Q

define POPULATION

A

all those in group being studied from which samples may be drawn (except for national studies)

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63
Q

define POSITIVE CORRELATION

A

2 variables move in same direction

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64
Q

define RANDOM ASSIGNMENT

A

assigning participants to experimental & control groups by chance minimizing preexisting differences between different groups

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65
Q

define RANGE

A

difference between highest & lowest scores in distribution

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66
Q

define REPLICATION

A

repeating essences of study w/diff people in dif. situations to see whether basic findings extends to other participants & circumstances

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67
Q

define REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE

A

group closely matching characteristics of population as whole

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68
Q

define SAMPLE

A

subset of population used in experiment

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69
Q

define SCATTERPLOT

A

graphed cluster of dots representing values of 2 variables & slope suggests direction of relationship & amnt of scatter suggests correlation

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70
Q

define STANDARD DEVIATION

A

computed measure of how much scores vary around mean

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71
Q

define STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE

A

statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

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72
Q

define SURVEY RESEARCH

A

technique for ascertaining self-reported attitudes of behaviors of particular group gen by questioning representatitve random of group

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73
Q

define THEORY

A

explanation using integrated set of principles that organizes observations & predicts behaviors/events

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74
Q

define UNOBTRUSIVE MEASURES

A

method of data collection no involving direct contact w/participants

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75
Q

define VARIABLE

A

condition in experiment

76
Q

define MOTIVATION

A

driving force that energizes/leads to behavior

77
Q

define INSTINCT

A

unlearned, innate complex behavior specific to a species

78
Q

define DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY

A

idea that physical needs causes drive to motivate satisfaction of needs

79
Q

define HOMEOSTASIS

A

balanced internal state/check & balance of body chemistry to maintain balanced state

80
Q

define INCENTIVE

A

positive/megative consequence motivating behavior

81
Q

define HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

A

Maslow’s theory that physical needs must be met before all other needs, most basic needs must be met before reaching self-actualization

82
Q

define GLUCOSE

A

sugar in blood/muscle tissue responsible for energy in body

83
Q

define SET POINT

A

point of ideal weight

84
Q

define BASAL METABOLIC RATE

A

rate of energy use by body when at rest

85
Q

define ANOREXIA NERVOSA

A

eating disorder characterized by starvation & being at least 15% underweight & most prevalent in adolescent femal

86
Q

define BULIMIA NERVOSA

A

eating disorder characterized by binge-eating & purging/fasting

87
Q

define BINGE-EATING DISORDER

A

periods of binge-eating w/distress/disgust/guilt w/o purging

88
Q

define SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE

A

4 stages of sex by Masters & Johnson (excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution)

89
Q

define REFRACTORY PERIOD

A

period of inactivity/rest after neuron firing or male orgasm

90
Q

define ESTROGENS

A

sex hormone responsible for female characteristics, ovulation, & sexual receptivity; most dominant in females

91
Q

define TESTOSTERONE

A

most important male sex hormone responsible for male sex characterisitics & developments

92
Q

define SEXUAL ORIENTATION

A

atttraction toward own/other/both sexes

93
Q

define EMOTION

A

response to stimuli composed of physical arousal, behavioral response, & conscious experience

94
Q

define JAMES-LANGE THEORY

A

one of the 4 theories of emotion stating physical arousal comes before awareness of emotion

95
Q

define CANNON-BARD THEORY

A

one of the 4 theories of emotion statying physical arousal & emotion happen simultaneously

96
Q

define TWO-FACTOR THEORY

A

one of the 4 theories of emotions stating arousal comes first & is consciously labeled an emotion

97
Q

define CATHARSIS

A

idea that releasing aggresseive urges releases them

98
Q

define FEEL GOOD, DO GOOD PHENOMENON

A

tendency to be more helpful when in good mood

99
Q

define ADAPTATION-LEVEL PHENOMENON

A

tendency to form judgments relative to neutral baseline determined by previous experience

100
Q

define RELATIVE DEPRIVATION

A

perception we are worse off than people we compare ourselves with

101
Q

define BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE

A

utilizes behavioral, psychosocial, & biomedical concepts to prevent, diagnose, & treat psychosomatic shows

102
Q

define STRESS

A

process we perceive & respond to events that are threatening/challenging

103
Q

define GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME

A

body’s adaptive response in 3 stages

104
Q

define TYPE A

A

generalization of people who are competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally-aggressive, and anger-prone

105
Q

define TYPE B

A

generalization for easygoing, relaxed people

106
Q

define PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY

A

study of relationship between psychological, neural, & endocrime processes

107
Q

define LYMPHOCYTES

A

2 types of WBC (B & T)

108
Q

define ACHIEVEMENT TESTS

A

test to assess what taker has learned

109
Q

define APTITUDE TESTS

A

test to predict future performance/capacity to learn

110
Q

define CONTENT VALIDITY

A

extent which test samples behavior being studied

111
Q

define PERSONALITY

A

characteristics & behavior making up major traits/interests/drives/values/self-concept/abilities/emotional patterns/adaptability

112
Q

define FREE ASSOCIATION

A

technique where pt relaxes and says whatever comes to mind

113
Q

define PSYCHOANALYSIS

A

ideology centered on infantile sexuality, oedipus complex, instinct theory, pleasure & reality principle, id/ego/superego, defense mechanisms

114
Q

define UNNCONSCIOUS

A

reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts/wishes/feelings/memories & information processing we are not aware of

115
Q

define ID

A

reservoir of unconscious psyche energy striving to satisfy basic sexual & aggressive desires

116
Q

define EGO

A

largely conscious part of personality mediating id, superego, and reality

117
Q

define SUPEREGO

A

part of personality representing internalized ideals & gives standards for judgment & future aspirations

118
Q

define PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES

A

childhood stages of development where id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on erogenous zones

119
Q

define OEDIPUS COMPLEX

A

boy’s sexual desire to mom and hatred for father

120
Q

define IDENTIFICATION

A

process kids incorporate parent’s values into their superegos

121
Q

define FIXATION

A

lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at earlier psychosexual stage where conflict was unresolved

122
Q

define DEFENSE MECHANISM

A

ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

123
Q

define REACTION FORMATION

A

defense mechanism where unacceptable/threatening impulses are consciously replaced with their opposite

124
Q

define PROJECTION

A

defense mechanism attributing impulse to others

125
Q

define DISPLACEMENT

A

defense mechanism transfering feelings/behavior from original subject to another person/thing

126
Q

define SUBLIMATION

A

defense mechanism where unacceptable drives channeled into socially acceptable drives

127
Q

define COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

A

idea of shared inherited reservoir of memories

128
Q

define PROJECTIVE TEST

A

personality test providing ambiguous stimuli to trigger projection inner dynamics

129
Q

define THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST

A

projective test where ppl express inner feelings & interests through stories of ambiguous scenes

130
Q

define RORSCACH TEST

A

inkblot test

131
Q

define TERROR MANAGEMENT THEORY

A

theory exploring emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of death

132
Q

define SELF-CONCEPT

A

all thoughts & feelings about ourselves answering “who am I?”

133
Q

define TRAIT

A

characterisitc pattern of behavior/disposition to feel and act

134
Q

define PERSONALITY INVENTORY

A

questionnaire where items gauge wide range of feelings & behaviors to assess personality traits

135
Q

define MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY (MMPI)

A

most widely researched & clinically used of all personality test

136
Q

define EMPIRICALLY DERIVED TEST

A

test developed by testing pool of items then selecting those that discriminate

137
Q

define PERSONAL CONTROL

A

perception one has ability/resources/opportunities to get positive outcomes through own actions

138
Q

define RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM

A

behavior, individual, and environment all influence each other

139
Q

define EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL

A

perception that chance/outside forces determine our fate

140
Q

define INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL

A

perception that we control our own fate

141
Q

define POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

A

study of human function w/goals of discovering & promoting strengths and viritues helping communities & individuals thrive

142
Q

define SELF

A

assumed to be center of personality & organizer of thoughts/feelings/actions

143
Q

define SELF-ESTEEM

A

feelings of self worth

144
Q

define SELF-SERVING BIAS

A

readiness to perceive oneself favorable

145
Q

define INDIVIDUALISM

A

giving priority to own goals over group & defining identity from personal attributes

146
Q

define COLLECTIVISM

A

giving priority to goals of group and defining identity accordingly

147
Q

define MEMORY

A

learning over time via encoding, storage, and retrieval

148
Q

define ENCODING

A

the processing of info to memory

149
Q

define STORAGE

A

process of retaining encoded info

150
Q

define RETRIEVAL

A

process of retrieving info from memory

151
Q

define SENSORY MEMORY

A

immediate brief recording of sensory info in memory

152
Q

define SHORT-TERM MEMORY

A

memory that only holds little info before being forgotten

153
Q

define LONG-TERM MEMORY

A

relatively permanent and limitless memory storage of knowledge, skills, and experience

154
Q

define WORKING MEMORY

A

newer short-term memory focusing on conscious, active processing of auditory and visual-spatial info and info from long-term memory

155
Q

define PARALLEL PROCESSING

A

process many aspects simultaneously and is brain’s natural preferred method

156
Q

define AUTOMATIC PROCESSING

A

unconscious encoding of info of space, time, frequency, and word meaning

157
Q

define EFFORTFUL PROCESSING

A

encoding needs conscious effort

158
Q

define REHEARSAL

A

repetition of info to maintain memory

159
Q

define SPACING EFFECT

A

tendency for distributed study/practice to achieve better long-term retention than mass study

160
Q

define SERIAL POSITION EFFECT

A

tendency to recall first and last items best

161
Q

define VISUAL ENCODING

A

process visual stimuli converted into info able to be processed in memory

162
Q

define ACOUSTIC ENCODING

A

process auditory stimuli converted into info to be processed in memory

163
Q

define SEMANTIC ENCODING

A

cognitive encoding of new info focusing on meaningful aspects

164
Q

define IMAGERY

A

cognitive combination of sensory input from 5 senses creating mental image

165
Q

define MNEMONICS

A

memory aids

166
Q

define CHUNKING

A

organizing items into familiar units automatically

167
Q

define ICONIC MEMORY

A

momentary memory of visual stimuli lasting few-tenths of a second

168
Q

define ECHOIC MEMORY

A

momentary memory of auditory stimuli

169
Q

define LONG-TERM POTENTIATION (LTP)

A

increase in cell’s firing potential after stimulation

170
Q

define FLASHBULB MEMORY

A

clear memory of emotionally significant event

171
Q

define AMNESIA

A

partial/complete temporary/permanent loss of memory

172
Q

define IMPLICIT MEMORY

A

memory independent of conscious recollection

173
Q

define EXPLICIT MEMORY

A

memory of facts and experiences that can be declared

174
Q

define HIPPOCAMPUS

A

neural center in limbic system helping process explicit memories for storage

175
Q

define RECALL

A

retrieving info w/o external prompts/cues

176
Q

define RECOGNITION

A

ability to identify items previously learned w/cues

177
Q

define RELEARNING

A

assessing amount of time saved when learning material again

178
Q

define PRIMING

A

activation of certain associations predisposing perception/memory/response

179
Q

define DEJA VU

A

eerie sense of “I’ve experienced this before” because cues unconsciously trigger retrieval

180
Q

define MOOD-CONGRUENT MEMORY

A

tendency to recall experiences congruent w/good or bad mood

181
Q

define PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

A

disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new info

182
Q

define RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

A

disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old info

183
Q

define REPRESSION

A

defense mechanism that banish conscious anxiety, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

184
Q

define MISINFORMATION EFFECT

A

incorporating misleading info into one’s memory of event

185
Q

define SOURCE AMNESIA

A

attributing to wrong source an event we experienced/heard or read about/imagined

AP PSYCH (12 decks)

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