U8: Clinical (12-16%) Flashcards
define MEDICAL MODEL
idea that diseases (like psychological disorders) have physical causes and most cases can be cured through tx
define PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER
syndrome marked by clinically significant disturbances in individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
what are the criteria for a psychological disorder
- clinically significant
- distress & dysfunction
- disrupt ability to live daily life
define MUNCHAUSEN’S SYNDROME
faking illness/injury to obtain award/attention
what does DSM-V stand for and what is its purpose
Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition; the APA’s system for classifying psychological disorders
list the criteria for insomnia
- unsatisfied w/amnt or quality of sleep
- distress/diminished everyday functioning
- at least 3 nights/week
- at least 3 consecutive months
- occurs even w/sufficient sleep opportunities
- independent from sleep disorders, abuse of substance, or other conditions
define RISK FACTORS
increased likelihood of developing disorder
list examples of risk factors
- academic failure
- abuse/neglect/trauma
- chronic pain
- family disorganization
- poor work habits
define PROTECTIVE FACTORS
decrease likelihood of disorder
list examples of protective factors
- exercise
- literacy
- autonomy/economic independence
- high self-esteem
- problem solving skills
- community support
define SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER
intense fear and avoidance of social situations
define GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDERS
continually tense, apprehensive, and constant state of ANS arousal
define PANIC DISORDER
unpredictable episodes of intense dread and terror followed by worry over next possible attacks
define AGORAPHOBIA
fear/avoidance of situations like crowds/open places/where one has loss of control or panic previously
define PHOBIA
persistent irrational fear and avoidance of specific object/activity/situation
define OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
disorder with obsessions and compulsions causing distress/dysfunction
aka obsessions
intrusive thoughts
define INTRUSIVE THOUGHTS
unwanted repetitive thoughts causing anxiety
define COMPULSIONS
actions done to decrease intrusive thoughts
define PTSD
sx for at least 4 weeks after traumatic experience
list sx for PTSD
- haunting memories
- nightmares
- hypervigilance
- social withdrawl
- jumpy anxiety
- numbness
- insomnia
define MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
> 2 weeks of at least 5 sx in the absence of drugs/other conditions; and at least 1 sx must be depressed mood/loss of interest
define BIPOLAR DISORDER
alternating between hopelessness and lethargy and mania
define MANIA
hyperactive and wildly optimistic state generally with poor judgment
sx bipolar disorder
- delusion
- elevated mood
- irritability
- emotional outbursts
- sleep problems
- worthlessness
- mood swing
- hypersexuality
define RUMINATION
compulsive fretting and overthinking problems and their causes
list sx of MDD
- depressed mood most of time
- dramatically reduced interest/pleasure in most activities most of time
- significant changes regulating weight/sleep/appetite
- physical agitation/lethargy
- listless/less energy
- feeling worthless/unwarranted guilt
- problems thinking/concentrating/making decisions
- thinking repetitively of death/suicide
explain/describe the explanatory style
- stressful experience
- negative explanatory style
- depressed mood
- cognitive & behavioral changes
- repeat
define PSYCHOTIC DISORDER
marked by irrational ideas, distorted perception, and loss of contact w/reality
define SCHIZOPHRENIA
disorder w/delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and inappropriate emotional expression
define positive sx
inappropriate behavior present
define negative sx
appropriate behavior absent
define HALLUCINATION
false sensory experiences
define DELUSION
false belief generally of persecution or grandeur
define DISORGANIZED SPEECH
thoughts illogical/not coherent
define CATATONIA
physical stupor remaining motionless, compulsive actions, or severe agitation
describe CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA
slow developing in late adolescence-early adulthood; psychotic episodes increase and get longer
describe ACUTE SCHIZOPHRENIA
occurs at any age and is gen a response to severely traumatic event
define DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
controversial and rare disorder where conscious separates from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
define DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER
at least 2 distinct personalities associated w/severe trauma
aka: DID
multiple/split personality disorder
define PERSONALITY DISORDER
inflexible and enduring behavior pattern impairing social function
define ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
lack of conscious for wrongdoing and can be aggressive/ruthless
define SOMATOFORM DISORDER
disorder taking form of bodily illness w/no real physical disorder
define HYPOCHONDRIAC
terrified of being sick and becomes preoccupied w/every bodily sensation
define CONVERSION DISORDER
specific sx in somatic nervous system functioning w/no physical cause
define PSYCHOTHERAPY
psychological techniques w/therapist
define BIOMEDICAL THERAPY
medications/procedures to tx psychological disorder
define ECLECTIC APPROACH
approach to psychotherapy using techniques from various forms of therapy
what are the components of psychodynamic therapy
resistance, interpretation, transference
psychodynamic therapy is targeting
individual’s response to unconscious forces
define RESISTANCE
blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
define INTERPRETATION
therapist analysis of info and give feedback on meaning to give insight
define TRANSFERENCE
pt’s transfer to therapist of emotions that arise
what are the 3 aspects of psychoanalysis theory
psychodynamic therapy, insight therapy, client-centered therapy
purpose of insight therapy
increase awareness of underlying motives and defenses
active listening composes of
echo, restate, and clarify
what are the 2 components of client-centered therapy
active listening and unconditional positive regard
define BEHAVIOR THERAPY
learning principles to eliminate bad behavior
list types of behavior therapy
- counter-conditioning
- exposure therapy
- systemic desensitization
- VR exposure therapy
- aversive conditioning
- token economy
define COUNTER-CONDITIONING
pair behavior with different stimulus
define EXPOSURE THERAPY
expose to fear rather abruptly
define SYSTEMIC DESENSITIZATION
associate pleasant relaxed state w/gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli
define VIRTUAL REALITY EXPOSURE THERAPY
VR simulation induces triggers
define AVERSIVE CONDITIONING
associate unpleasant state w/unwanted behavior
define TOKEN ECONOMY
token for desired behaviors able to be traded in
define COGNITIVE THERAPY
teach new and more adaptive ways of thinking based on assumption that thoughts intervene between events and emotional reactions
define RATIONAL EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY
vigorously challenges ppl’s illogical self-defeating attitudes and assumptions to change negative thinking to positive thinking to change emotional response to own thoughts about event
define COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
how you act and how you think
define GROUP THERAPY
provides benefits from group interactions
define FAMILY THERAPY
tx ppl in context of family with the idea that behavior is influenced by/directed at other family
difference between group therapy and self-help groups
group therapy is led by therapist and self-help groups are not
define SOLUTIONS FOCUSED THERAPY
problem can be resolved through goal setting and changing attitudes
define PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
study of effects of drugs on mind
antipsychotics tx
schizophrenia
antianxiety controls
agitation
antidepressants tx
depression, anxiety, OCD, PTSD
antipsychotics work by
blocking dopamine receptors
give examples of antipsychotics
Abilify, Zeldox, Risperdal, Seroquel, Haloperidol
how do antianxieties work
benzodiazepines enhance GABA producing calming effect
list examples of antianxiety meds
Rivotril, Xanax, Ativan, Lectopam
how do antidepressants work
increase serotonin and norepinephrine
give examples of antidepressants
Prozac, luvox, celexa, Zoloft
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are also
second generation antidepressant
define ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY
biomedical therapy for severe depression causing mild controlled seizure in anesthetized pt
define REPETITIVE TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION
pulses of magnetic of energy to stimulate suppressed brain activity
define PSYCHOSURGERY
remove/destroy brain tissue
define EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION AND REPROCESSING (EMDR)
pt watches back and forth light while talking on experience generally used for PTSD but is controversial and skeptical
define META ANALYSIS
procedure for statistically combining results of many different research studies
what is the best way to analyze effectiveness of different types of therapies
meta-analysis
define EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
clinical decision process looking at best available current research, clinical and trained expertise, pt’s characteristics, personality, and preferences to make therapeutic stolutions
cognitive therapies are best used for
anxiety, PTSD, MDD, insomnia
behavior therapies are best used for
bed wetting, phobia, compulsion, marital problems
psychodynamic therapies are best used for
chronic MDD, anxiety
non-directive counseling are best used for
mild-moderate depression
define THERAPEUTIC ALLIANCE
trust and mutual understanding between therapist and client to work together
what is the greatest indicator of success in therapy
therapeutic alliance
define RESILIENCE
ability to cope w/stress and recover from adversity and trauma
