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AP PSYCH > U6: Developmental (7-9%) > Flashcards

U6: Developmental (7-9%) Flashcards

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1
Q

define DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

A

study of physical, mental, and behavioral changes from conception to death

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2
Q

define ZYGOTE

A

fertilized egg

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3
Q

define EMBRYO

A

fertilized egg from conception to 8 weeks

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4
Q

define FETUS

A

infant from 8 weeks to birth

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5
Q

define TERATOGENS

A

agent causing developmental abnormalities in fetus

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6
Q

define FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS)

A

characteristic side effects from maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

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7
Q

define HABITUATION

A

process of growing accustomed to situation/stimulus

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8
Q

define MATURATION

A

biological processes involved in becoming functional or fully developed

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9
Q

define COGNITION

A

all forms of knowing and awareness

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10
Q

define SCHEMA

A
  • collection of basic knowledge of concept
  • outlook/assumption individual has despite objective reality
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11
Q

define ASSIMILATION

A
  • new info incorporated into existing schema
  • adopting new practices
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12
Q

define ACCOMMODATION

A

adjustment/modification

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13
Q

define SENSORIMOTOR STAGE

A

1st stage of piaget’s theory of cognitive development from birth to 2 yrs

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14
Q

define OBJECT PERMANENCE

A

knowledge of continued existence of object even when not directly perceived

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15
Q

define PREOPERATIONAL STAGE

A

2nd stage of piaget’s theory of cognitive development (2 to 7 yrs)

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16
Q

define CONSERVATION

A

awareness physical quantities don’t change in amount when appearance is altered

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17
Q

define EGOCENTRISM

A

only perceive situation from own perspective

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18
Q

define THEORY OF MIND

A

understanding others have intentions/desires/beliefs/perceptions/emotions different from own and affects others

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19
Q

define CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE

A

3rd stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory (7-12 yrs)

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20
Q

define FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE

A

last stage in Piaget’s cognitive development theory (+12 years)

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21
Q

define AUTISM

A

neurodevelopmental disorder w/impaired social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication, narrow interests, and repetitive behavior

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22
Q

define STRANGER ANXIETY

A

distress and apprehension in young kids and strangers and normal part of cognitive development

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23
Q

define ATTACHMENT

A

emotional bond between baby and caregiver

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24
Q

define CRITICAL PERIOD

A

stage in life when organism is open to learning or emotional/socializing experiences

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25
Q

define IMPRINTING

A
  • babies follow first moving objects
  • simple and highly effective learning process during learning
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26
Q

define TEMPERAMENT

A

biologic basic foundation of personality

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27
Q

define BASIC TRUST

A

one component of Erikson’s 1st stage of development and is foundation for self-esteem and healthy relationships

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28
Q

define SELF-CONCEPT

A

one’s description and evaluation of oneself

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29
Q

define GENDER

A

socially constructed roles/behaviors/activities/ attributes attributed to each sex

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30
Q

define AGGRESSION

A

behavior w/intent to harm

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31
Q

define X CHROMOSOME

A

female sex chromosome

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32
Q

define Y CHROMOSOME

A

male sex chromosome

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33
Q

define TESTOSTERONE

A

male sex hormone

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34
Q

define ROLE

A

set of behaviors expected form individuals

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35
Q

define GENDER ROLE

A

behavior, personality traits, and attitudes that define gender in particular culture

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36
Q

define GENDER IDENTITY

A

person’s psychological sense of self in relation to their gender

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37
Q

define GENDER TYPING

A

expectations about people’s behavior based on gender

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38
Q

define SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

A

view learning is mainly from modeling, imitation, and other social interactions

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39
Q

define PUBERTY

A

stage genital organs mature and secondary sex characteristics appear

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40
Q

define PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS

A

reproductive organs directly involved in reproduction

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41
Q

define SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS

A

sex characteristics not directly involved in reproduction

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42
Q

define MENARCHE

A

first menstruation

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43
Q

define IDENTITY

A

individual sense of self-defined by physical/psychological/interpersonal characteristics

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44
Q

define SOCIAL IDENTITY

A

personal qualities claimed and displayed consistently to be considered part of stable self

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45
Q

define INTIMACY

A

extreme emotional closeness

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46
Q

define EMERGING ADULTHOOD

A

developmental stage between teen and young adult

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47
Q

define CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

A

study w/different groups of ppl who don’t share variable of interest but share other relevant variables

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48
Q

define MENOPAUSE

A

stage women’s reproductive capacity ceases

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49
Q

define CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE

A

intelligence measured by tests

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50
Q

define LONGITUDINAL STUDY

A

study w/same individuals over long period fo time

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51
Q

define FLUID INTELLIGENCE

A

set of mental processes used for novel tasks and acquisition of crystallized intelligence

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52
Q

define SOCIAL CLOCK

A

norms governing ages particular life events happen

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53
Q

define STAGE

A

clear and specific period of transition or growth

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54
Q

define CONTINUOUS

A

no clear period of transition; gradual growth

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55
Q

list the stages of prenatal development from conception to birth

A
  1. conception
  2. germinal
  3. embryonic
  4. fetus
  5. neonatal
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56
Q

the neonatal stage is characterized by reflexes such as

A
  • rooting
  • sucking
  • startle
  • grasping
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57
Q

define HABITUATION

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

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58
Q

define MATURATION

A

biological growth processes enabling changes in behavior relatively uninfluenced by experiences

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59
Q

describe brain development in infancy

A

explosive growth and pruning

60
Q

describe motor development in infancy

A

increase in physical coordination (rolling/sitting/crawling/grasping)

61
Q

describe memory development in infancy

A

connections begin forming but hippocampus is not fully developed

62
Q

define FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME

A

physical and cognitive abnormalities characterized by disproportionate head shape, facial features, and learning & cognitive dysfunction

63
Q

define GERMLINE CELLS

A

sex cells

64
Q

define NEONATAL ABSTINENCE SYNDROME

A

severe withdrawal after birth

65
Q

define SCHEMA

A

concept/framework organizing and interpreting info

66
Q

define ASSIMILATION

A

interpreting new experiences into existing schema

67
Q

define ACCOMODATION

A

adapting current schema to incorporate new info

68
Q

list the stages of Piaget’s theory

A
  1. sensory motor
  2. preoperational
  3. concrete operational
  4. formal operational
69
Q

What does Piaget’s theory describe

A

cognitive development

70
Q

According to Piaget, infants to 2 yr olds are in this stage

A

sensory motor

71
Q

According to Piaget, 2 yr olds to 7 yr olds are in this stage

A

preoperational

72
Q

According to Piaget, 7 yr olds to 11 yr olds are in this stage

A

concrete operational

73
Q

According to Piaget, anyone 12 and older are in this stage

A

formal operational

74
Q

list characteristics of the sensory motor stage

A
  • understand world thru senses and movement
  • no object permanence
75
Q

list characteristics of the preoperational stage

A
  • language
  • conservation, egocentrism, theory of mind
  • no logic
76
Q

define THEORY OF MIND

A

despite egocentrism kids can infer what others think/feel

77
Q

list characteristics of the concrete operational srtage

A

able to think logically but not abstractly

78
Q

list the characteristics of the formal operational stage

A
  • think logically and abstractly
  • higher moral reasoning
79
Q

What is Vygotsky’s theory

A

kids learn via social interaction

80
Q

define SCAFFOLD

A

framework giving kids temporary support as they develop higher thinking

81
Q

define ATTACHMENT THEORY

A

emotional tie w/another person and distress upon separation

82
Q

when do kids develop stranger anxiety

A

8 months old

83
Q

define TEMPERAMENT

A

characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

83
Q

define CRITICAL PERIOD

A

optimal period when exposure to certain stimuli causing normal development

84
Q

define SECURE ATTACHMENT

A

comfortable and temporary distress when caregiver leaves and comfort upon return

85
Q

define INSECURE ATTACHMENT

A

anxious/ambivalent reaction to caregiver leaving

86
Q

what are the 4 types of parenting styles

A

authoritarian, permissive, negligent, authortative

87
Q

Who defined the four (at the time it was 3) parenting styles

A

Diana Baumrind

88
Q

What is Mary Ainsworth known for?

A

Attachment theory and the famous Strange Situation experiment

89
Q

Harlow and his _____

A

monkeys

90
Q

Gilligan is primarily known for her work countering ______, addressing differences between men and women

A

Kohlberg

91
Q

define GENDER

A

socially influenced man or woman based on biological and evolutionary factors

92
Q

define RELATIONAL AGRESSION

A

physical/verbal aggression to harm relationship/social standing

93
Q

t/f: physical aggression does not include verbal agression

A

false

94
Q

define ROLES

A

st of expectations about social position defining how those should behave

95
Q

define GENDER ROLES

A

set of expected behaviors/attitudes/traits for males and females

96
Q

define GENDER IDENTITY

A

personal and social sense of male/female

97
Q

define SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

A

learn social behavior by observing and imitating through reward and punishment

98
Q

define GENDER HYPING

A

acquisition of traditional female role

99
Q

Who created the ecological theory

A

Brofenbrenner

100
Q

list the systems in Brofenbrennar’s ecosystem

A
  1. person
  2. microsystem
  3. mesosytem
  4. exosystem
  5. macrosystem
  6. chronosystem
101
Q

The Limbic system is responsible for

A

emotions, rewards, memory consolidation, 4 F’s and lower unconscious thinking

102
Q

The Frontal lobe is responsible for

A

working memory, language, creativity, problem solving, abstract reasoning

103
Q

Who is in someone’s microsystem

A

family, school, peers, work, religion

104
Q

Who is in someone’s mesosystem

A

microsystem and neighborhood

105
Q

Who is in someone’s exosystem

A

economy, government, religion

106
Q

define SOCIAL IDENTITY

A

“we” aspect of our self-concept, the “who am I” in relation to ppl around youd

107
Q

define PUBERTY

A

dramatic physical change during adolescence of rapid sexual maturation

108
Q

at what age do girls typically start their periods

A

10 yrs

109
Q

at what age do boys typically start their period the day after

A

12 yrs

110
Q

define PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS

A

external and internal genitalia

111
Q

define INTERSEX

A

unusual combos of X & Y chgromosomes, hormones, and anatomy

112
Q

listREASONS FOR SEX

A
  • impulsivity
  • alcohol and drugs
  • media
  • lack of education
113
Q

emerging adulthood is from what age range

A

20-30 yrs

114
Q

middle adulthood is from what age range

A

31-65 yrs

115
Q

late adulthood is from what age range

A

when does fertility dramatically decrease in women

116
Q

what is the telomere theory

A

telomeres shorten and fray and become unusable

117
Q

define NEUROPLASTICITY

A

ability of brain to continue to grow, learn, and make new neural connections

118
Q

define NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS

A

acquired disorders of deficits by of Alzeheimer’s brain injury, disease, substance abuse

119
Q

what are the 3 major issues of developmental psychology?

A
  • nature v nurture
  • continuity v stages
  • stability v change
120
Q

Which of Erikson’s stages are infants-1 yr olds

A

trust v mistrust

121
Q

which of erikson’s stages are 1 to 3 yr olds

A

autonomy v shame and doubt

122
Q

which of erikson’s stages are 3 to 5 yr olds

A

initiative v guilt

123
Q

which of erikson’s stage are 5 to 12 yr olds

A

industry v inferiority

124
Q

which of erikson’s stage are 13 yr olds to early twenties

A

identity v role confusion

125
Q

which of erikson’s stage are twenty to thirty year olds

A

intimacy v isolation

126
Q

which of erikson’s stage are forty to fifty year olds

A

generativity v stagnation

127
Q

which of erikson’s stages are people who are in their sixties and older

A

ego integrity v despair

128
Q

kohlberg’s theory describes

A

moral development

129
Q

What is most notable about Lorenz and developmental psychology

A

Lorenz contributed to attachment by realizing there is a specific period where baby needs to attach to mom

130
Q

describe ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

A

brain decays/build up of neural junk causing total cognitive decline

131
Q

define SOCIAL CLOCK

A

culturally preferred timing of social events

132
Q

the SLIDE AND DECIDE PHENOMENON relates to

A

relationships

133
Q

If someone has explored potential identities and committed to an identity, what is it called

A

identity achievement

134
Q

If someone has not committed to an identity but explored different identities, then they have

A

identity moritorium

135
Q

If someone has committed to an identity but have not explored different identities. then they have

A

identity foreclosure

136
Q

if someone has not committed to an identity and have not explored other identities, then they have

A

identity diffusion

137
Q

what are the levels of kohlberg’s moral development theory

A
  • preconventional
  • conventional
  • post-conventional
138
Q

what is the order of the substages in Kohlberg’s theory

A
  1. obedience and punishment
  2. self-interest
  3. conformity
  4. social order
  5. social contract
  6. universal ethical principles
139
Q

what is the age range for the preconventional stage

A

infant to 9 years

140
Q

what is the age range for conventional stage

A

10 yrs to 13 years

141
Q

what is the age range for post conventional stage

A

+14 years

142
Q

describe the conformity substage of kohlberg’s theory

A

consequences based on personal relationships and desires the approval of others

143
Q

describe social contract substage of kohlberg’s theory

A

laws are social contracts and not rigid; democracy; greatest good for most people; do certain rules apply all the time for everyone?

144
Q

describe the universal ethical principles substage of kohlberg’s theory?

A

compassion and empathy, understand all sides, laws only valid if just, seek mercy

AP PSYCH (12 decks)

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