U6: Developmental (7-9%) Flashcards
define DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
study of physical, mental, and behavioral changes from conception to death
define ZYGOTE
fertilized egg
define EMBRYO
fertilized egg from conception to 8 weeks
define FETUS
infant from 8 weeks to birth
define TERATOGENS
agent causing developmental abnormalities in fetus
define FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS)
characteristic side effects from maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
define HABITUATION
process of growing accustomed to situation/stimulus
define MATURATION
biological processes involved in becoming functional or fully developed
define COGNITION
all forms of knowing and awareness
define SCHEMA
- collection of basic knowledge of concept
- outlook/assumption individual has despite objective reality
define ASSIMILATION
- new info incorporated into existing schema
- adopting new practices
define ACCOMMODATION
adjustment/modification
define SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
1st stage of piaget’s theory of cognitive development from birth to 2 yrs
define OBJECT PERMANENCE
knowledge of continued existence of object even when not directly perceived
define PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
2nd stage of piaget’s theory of cognitive development (2 to 7 yrs)
define CONSERVATION
awareness physical quantities don’t change in amount when appearance is altered
define EGOCENTRISM
only perceive situation from own perspective
define THEORY OF MIND
understanding others have intentions/desires/beliefs/perceptions/emotions different from own and affects others
define CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE
3rd stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory (7-12 yrs)
define FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE
last stage in Piaget’s cognitive development theory (+12 years)
define AUTISM
neurodevelopmental disorder w/impaired social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication, narrow interests, and repetitive behavior
define STRANGER ANXIETY
distress and apprehension in young kids and strangers and normal part of cognitive development
define ATTACHMENT
emotional bond between baby and caregiver
define CRITICAL PERIOD
stage in life when organism is open to learning or emotional/socializing experiences
define IMPRINTING
- babies follow first moving objects
- simple and highly effective learning process during learning
define TEMPERAMENT
biologic basic foundation of personality
define BASIC TRUST
one component of Erikson’s 1st stage of development and is foundation for self-esteem and healthy relationships
define SELF-CONCEPT
one’s description and evaluation of oneself
define GENDER
socially constructed roles/behaviors/activities/ attributes attributed to each sex
define AGGRESSION
behavior w/intent to harm
define X CHROMOSOME
female sex chromosome
define Y CHROMOSOME
male sex chromosome
define TESTOSTERONE
male sex hormone
define ROLE
set of behaviors expected form individuals
define GENDER ROLE
behavior, personality traits, and attitudes that define gender in particular culture
define GENDER IDENTITY
person’s psychological sense of self in relation to their gender
define GENDER TYPING
expectations about people’s behavior based on gender
define SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
view learning is mainly from modeling, imitation, and other social interactions
define PUBERTY
stage genital organs mature and secondary sex characteristics appear
define PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
reproductive organs directly involved in reproduction
define SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
sex characteristics not directly involved in reproduction
define MENARCHE
first menstruation
define IDENTITY
individual sense of self-defined by physical/psychological/interpersonal characteristics
define SOCIAL IDENTITY
personal qualities claimed and displayed consistently to be considered part of stable self
define INTIMACY
extreme emotional closeness
define EMERGING ADULTHOOD
developmental stage between teen and young adult
define CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
study w/different groups of ppl who don’t share variable of interest but share other relevant variables
define MENOPAUSE
stage women’s reproductive capacity ceases
define CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
intelligence measured by tests
define LONGITUDINAL STUDY
study w/same individuals over long period fo time
define FLUID INTELLIGENCE
set of mental processes used for novel tasks and acquisition of crystallized intelligence
define SOCIAL CLOCK
norms governing ages particular life events happen
define STAGE
clear and specific period of transition or growth
define CONTINUOUS
no clear period of transition; gradual growth
list the stages of prenatal development from conception to birth
- conception
- germinal
- embryonic
- fetus
- neonatal
the neonatal stage is characterized by reflexes such as
- rooting
- sucking
- startle
- grasping
define HABITUATION
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
define MATURATION
biological growth processes enabling changes in behavior relatively uninfluenced by experiences
describe brain development in infancy
explosive growth and pruning
describe motor development in infancy
increase in physical coordination (rolling/sitting/crawling/grasping)
describe memory development in infancy
connections begin forming but hippocampus is not fully developed
define FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME
physical and cognitive abnormalities characterized by disproportionate head shape, facial features, and learning & cognitive dysfunction
define GERMLINE CELLS
sex cells
define NEONATAL ABSTINENCE SYNDROME
severe withdrawal after birth
define SCHEMA
concept/framework organizing and interpreting info
define ASSIMILATION
interpreting new experiences into existing schema
define ACCOMODATION
adapting current schema to incorporate new info
list the stages of Piaget’s theory
- sensory motor
- preoperational
- concrete operational
- formal operational
What does Piaget’s theory describe
cognitive development
According to Piaget, infants to 2 yr olds are in this stage
sensory motor
According to Piaget, 2 yr olds to 7 yr olds are in this stage
preoperational
According to Piaget, 7 yr olds to 11 yr olds are in this stage
concrete operational
According to Piaget, anyone 12 and older are in this stage
formal operational
list characteristics of the sensory motor stage
- understand world thru senses and movement
- no object permanence
list characteristics of the preoperational stage
- language
- conservation, egocentrism, theory of mind
- no logic
define THEORY OF MIND
despite egocentrism kids can infer what others think/feel
list characteristics of the concrete operational srtage
able to think logically but not abstractly
list the characteristics of the formal operational stage
- think logically and abstractly
- higher moral reasoning
What is Vygotsky’s theory
kids learn via social interaction
define SCAFFOLD
framework giving kids temporary support as they develop higher thinking
define ATTACHMENT THEORY
emotional tie w/another person and distress upon separation
when do kids develop stranger anxiety
8 months old
define TEMPERAMENT
characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
define CRITICAL PERIOD
optimal period when exposure to certain stimuli causing normal development
define SECURE ATTACHMENT
comfortable and temporary distress when caregiver leaves and comfort upon return
define INSECURE ATTACHMENT
anxious/ambivalent reaction to caregiver leaving
what are the 4 types of parenting styles
authoritarian, permissive, negligent, authortative
Who defined the four (at the time it was 3) parenting styles
Diana Baumrind
What is Mary Ainsworth known for?
Attachment theory and the famous Strange Situation experiment
Harlow and his _____
monkeys
Gilligan is primarily known for her work countering ______, addressing differences between men and women
Kohlberg
define GENDER
socially influenced man or woman based on biological and evolutionary factors
define RELATIONAL AGRESSION
physical/verbal aggression to harm relationship/social standing
t/f: physical aggression does not include verbal agression
false
define ROLES
st of expectations about social position defining how those should behave
define GENDER ROLES
set of expected behaviors/attitudes/traits for males and females
define GENDER IDENTITY
personal and social sense of male/female
define SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
learn social behavior by observing and imitating through reward and punishment
define GENDER HYPING
acquisition of traditional female role
Who created the ecological theory
Brofenbrenner
list the systems in Brofenbrennar’s ecosystem
- person
- microsystem
- mesosytem
- exosystem
- macrosystem
- chronosystem
The Limbic system is responsible for
emotions, rewards, memory consolidation, 4 F’s and lower unconscious thinking
The Frontal lobe is responsible for
working memory, language, creativity, problem solving, abstract reasoning
Who is in someone’s microsystem
family, school, peers, work, religion
Who is in someone’s mesosystem
microsystem and neighborhood
Who is in someone’s exosystem
economy, government, religion
define SOCIAL IDENTITY
“we” aspect of our self-concept, the “who am I” in relation to ppl around youd
define PUBERTY
dramatic physical change during adolescence of rapid sexual maturation
at what age do girls typically start their periods
10 yrs
at what age do boys typically start their period the day after
12 yrs
define PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
external and internal genitalia
define INTERSEX
unusual combos of X & Y chgromosomes, hormones, and anatomy
listREASONS FOR SEX
- impulsivity
- alcohol and drugs
- media
- lack of education
emerging adulthood is from what age range
20-30 yrs
middle adulthood is from what age range
31-65 yrs
late adulthood is from what age range
when does fertility dramatically decrease in women
what is the telomere theory
telomeres shorten and fray and become unusable
define NEUROPLASTICITY
ability of brain to continue to grow, learn, and make new neural connections
define NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS
acquired disorders of deficits by of Alzeheimer’s brain injury, disease, substance abuse
what are the 3 major issues of developmental psychology?
- nature v nurture
- continuity v stages
- stability v change
Which of Erikson’s stages are infants-1 yr olds
trust v mistrust
which of erikson’s stages are 1 to 3 yr olds
autonomy v shame and doubt
which of erikson’s stages are 3 to 5 yr olds
initiative v guilt
which of erikson’s stage are 5 to 12 yr olds
industry v inferiority
which of erikson’s stage are 13 yr olds to early twenties
identity v role confusion
which of erikson’s stage are twenty to thirty year olds
intimacy v isolation
which of erikson’s stage are forty to fifty year olds
generativity v stagnation
which of erikson’s stages are people who are in their sixties and older
ego integrity v despair
kohlberg’s theory describes
moral development
What is most notable about Lorenz and developmental psychology
Lorenz contributed to attachment by realizing there is a specific period where baby needs to attach to mom
describe ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
brain decays/build up of neural junk causing total cognitive decline
define SOCIAL CLOCK
culturally preferred timing of social events
the SLIDE AND DECIDE PHENOMENON relates to
relationships
If someone has explored potential identities and committed to an identity, what is it called
identity achievement
If someone has not committed to an identity but explored different identities, then they have
identity moritorium
If someone has committed to an identity but have not explored different identities. then they have
identity foreclosure
if someone has not committed to an identity and have not explored other identities, then they have
identity diffusion
what are the levels of kohlberg’s moral development theory
- preconventional
- conventional
- post-conventional
what is the order of the substages in Kohlberg’s theory
- obedience and punishment
- self-interest
- conformity
- social order
- social contract
- universal ethical principles
what is the age range for the preconventional stage
infant to 9 years
what is the age range for conventional stage
10 yrs to 13 years
what is the age range for post conventional stage
+14 years
describe the conformity substage of kohlberg’s theory
consequences based on personal relationships and desires the approval of others
describe social contract substage of kohlberg’s theory
laws are social contracts and not rigid; democracy; greatest good for most people; do certain rules apply all the time for everyone?
describe the universal ethical principles substage of kohlberg’s theory?
compassion and empathy, understand all sides, laws only valid if just, seek mercy
