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AP PSYCH > U3: Sensation & Perception (6-8%) > Flashcards

U3: Sensation & Perception (6-8%) Flashcards

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1
Q

define SENSATION

A

process of receiving and representing stimulus

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2
Q

define SENSORY RECEPTORS

A

sensory nerve ending responding to stimuli

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3
Q

define PERCEPTION

A

process of organizing and interpreting sensory info enabling us to recognize meaningful events/things

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4
Q

define TRANSDUCTION

A

converting outside stimuli into neural activity

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5
Q

define PERCEPTUAL SET

A

psychological factors determining perception

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6
Q

what are the three types/factors of perceptual set

A

culture, context, motivation/emotion (?)

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7
Q

define FIGURE-GROUND RELATIONSHIP

A

organize info objects/info that stand out from their surroundings

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8
Q

define PROXIMITY

A

group nearby things together

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9
Q

define CONTINUITY

A

smooth continuous patterns over discontinuous ones

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10
Q

define CLOSURE

A

fill in gaps to create whole picture

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11
Q

define BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING

A

sensory receptors lead to brain interpretation

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12
Q

define TOP-DOWN PROCESSING

A

perceptions made by sensory input is from experience and expectations

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13
Q

define WEBER’S LAW

A

smallest difference between 2 stimuli detectable 50% of time

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14
Q

aka: weber’s law

A

just noticeable difference; difference threshold

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15
Q

define ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD

A

lowest level of stimulation person can consciously detect 50% of time

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16
Q

define SELECTIVE ATTENTION

A

focusing of conscious awareness on particular stimulus

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17
Q

define INATTENTION BLINDNESS

A

fail to see objects when attention directed elsewhere

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18
Q

define CHANGE-BLINDNESS

A

failing to notice changes in environment and is form of inattention blindness

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19
Q

how many pieces of info is received and how much is taken in consciously

A

11 million taken in, 40 concscious

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20
Q

define SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY

A

how and when detect faint stimulus amid background assuming no single absolute threshold but dependent on person’s perceptual set

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21
Q

define SENSORY ADAPTATION

A

diminished sensitivity as consequence of constant stimulation

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22
Q

describe the 2 cognition systems

A
  1. fast system creates perceptions quickly effortlessly
  2. slow system creating perceptions slowly w/time and effort
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23
Q

define GESTALT THEORY

A

tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes

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24
Q

define FIGURE-GROUND PERCEPTION

A

organization of info into objects/figures standing out from environment

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25
Q

what are the 3 components of figure-ground perception

A

proximity, closure, and continuity

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26
Q

define DEPTH PERCPETION

A

ability to see thru objects in 3D image to judge distance

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27
Q

define PHI PHENOMENON

A

illusion of movement created when 2 or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

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28
Q

define BINOCULAR CUES

A

depth cue using both eyes

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29
Q

define RETINAL DISPARITY

A

binocular cue to perceive depth by comparing slightly different images from both eyes and brain computes image

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30
Q

define PERCEPTIAL CONSTANCY

A

objects constant even as illumination and retinal images change

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31
Q

what does it mean if there is greater retinal disparity

A

closer the object is

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32
Q

define COLOR AND BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY

A

same color despite brightness

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33
Q

define SHAPE AND SIZE CONSTANCY

A

same size/shape despite distance and orientation

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34
Q

define MONOCULAR CUES

A

depth cue w/either eye

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35
Q

give examples of monocular cues

A

interposition and linear perspective

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36
Q

define PERCEPTUAL ADAPTATION

A

ability to adjust changed sensory input including artificially displaced or inverted visual field

37
Q

define LIGHT

A

energy w/wavelength and amplitude

38
Q

define INTENSITY

A

amnt of energy light wave has influencing brightness

39
Q

what determines intensity

A

amplitude (of wavelength)

40
Q

define FREQUENCY

A

of complete waves passing certain point in certain period

41
Q

what does frequency determine

A

color

42
Q

what color does long wavelengths create

A

red

43
Q

what color does short wavelengths create

A

blue

44
Q

describe what light is doing if an apple is red (why does it produce the color red?)

A

it reflects every color EXCEPT red

45
Q

define ACCOMODATION

A

lens change shape to funnel light to fovea

46
Q

define RODS

A

receptors sensitive to black and white and movement

47
Q

what activates rods

A

peripheral vision and low lighting

48
Q

what activates cones

A

high lighting

49
Q

define CONES

A

color receptors

50
Q

where are cones most concentrated

A

fovea

51
Q

define BLIND SPOT

A

the point the optic nerve leaves eye

52
Q

list the path of vision

A
  1. optic nerve
  2. optic tract
  3. lateral geniculate body
  4. thalamus
  5. visual cortex (occipital lobe)
  6. perception
53
Q

define THREE COLOR THEORY

A

the 3 color receptors (red, green, blue) that combine to produce any color

54
Q

define OPPONENT-PROCESSING THEORY

A

combination of receptors turning off and on enable color vision

55
Q

list the opponent colors of red, blue, and white

A

red –> green
blue –> yellow
white –> black

56
Q

what is the range of audition in humans

A

20hz-20,000hz

57
Q

purpose of the ROUND WINDOW?

A

allows for fluid in cochlea to be moved and move hair cells

58
Q

list the path of hearing from pinna to auditory nerve

A
  1. pinna
  2. auditory canal
  3. tympanic membrane
  4. auditory ossicles
  5. cochlea
  6. round window
  7. hair cells
  8. auditory nerve
59
Q

define PLACE THEORY

A

different pitches experienced by different hair cells in different locations on organ of corti

60
Q

define FREQUENCY THEORY

A

pitch related to speed of vibration in basiliar membrane

61
Q

what are the 2 theories of audition

A

place theory & frequency theory

62
Q

what are the 2 theories of color

A

trichomatic & opponent-processing

63
Q

list the path of hearing from auditory nerve to perception

A
  1. auditory nerve
  2. pons
  3. thalamus
  4. auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
  5. perception
64
Q

define SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS

A

hair loss bc of damage to hair cells

65
Q

define CONDUCTION HEARING LOSS

A

hearing loss bc of damage to mechanical system that conducts sound to cochlea

66
Q

path of taste

A
  1. taste buds
  2. cranial nerve 9 & 10
  3. medulla
  4. thalamus
  5. cerebral cortex
  6. gustatory cortex
67
Q

where are taste buds housed

A

papillae

68
Q

how many smells are humans able to recognize

A

10,000

69
Q

how many olfactory receptors do humans have

A

40 million

70
Q

what are the parts of the brain involved in olfaction

A

amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, neocortex

71
Q

how is the amygdala and smells related

A

trigger emotions and 4Fs

72
Q

how is the hippocampus and smell related

A

smell can trigger memory

73
Q

how is the neocortex related to the sense of smell

A

has the olfactory complex

74
Q

define SYNESTHESIA

A

signals of sensory organs passed in wrong cortex

75
Q

define SOMESTHETIC SENSE

A

body sense consisting of skin, kinesthetic, and vestibular sense

76
Q

what comprises skin sense

A

pain, touch, pressure, and temperature

77
Q

name of receptors for pain?

A

nociceptors

78
Q

name of receptors for touch?

A

mechanoreceptors

79
Q

name of receptors for temperature?

A

thermoreceptors

80
Q

define KINESTHETIC SENSE

A

sense of location of body parts in relation to ground and each others

81
Q

define PROPRIOCEPTION

A

body’s sense of motion and location in space

82
Q

define VESTIBULAR SENSE

A

sensation of movement, balance, and body position

83
Q

what are the 2 types of pain

A

visceral and somatic

84
Q

define VISCERAL PAIN

A

pain and pressure in organs

85
Q

define SOMATIC PAIN

A

pain in skin, joints, and muscles triggered by nociceptors

86
Q

describe GATE CONTROL THEORY

A

spinal cord has neurological gate that blocks pain signals/allowing them to brain

87
Q

how is the “gate” in the gate control theory opened and closed?

A

opened by small nerve fibers and closed by large fibers/info from brain

88
Q

what is the path of touch (hint: mechanoreceptors)

A
  1. mechanoreceptors
  2. spinal cord
  3. thalamus
    4 parietal lobe
  4. somatosensory cortex
89
Q

what is the difference between kinesthetic sense, proprioception, and vestibular sense

A
  • kinesthetic = awareness of body parts
  • proprioception = motion & location in space
  • vestibular = balance

AP PSYCH (12 decks)

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