U3: Sensation & Perception (6-8%) Flashcards
define SENSATION
process of receiving and representing stimulus
define SENSORY RECEPTORS
sensory nerve ending responding to stimuli
define PERCEPTION
process of organizing and interpreting sensory info enabling us to recognize meaningful events/things
define TRANSDUCTION
converting outside stimuli into neural activity
define PERCEPTUAL SET
psychological factors determining perception
what are the three types/factors of perceptual set
culture, context, motivation/emotion (?)
define FIGURE-GROUND RELATIONSHIP
organize info objects/info that stand out from their surroundings
define PROXIMITY
group nearby things together
define CONTINUITY
smooth continuous patterns over discontinuous ones
define CLOSURE
fill in gaps to create whole picture
define BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING
sensory receptors lead to brain interpretation
define TOP-DOWN PROCESSING
perceptions made by sensory input is from experience and expectations
define WEBER’S LAW
smallest difference between 2 stimuli detectable 50% of time
aka: weber’s law
just noticeable difference; difference threshold
define ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD
lowest level of stimulation person can consciously detect 50% of time
define SELECTIVE ATTENTION
focusing of conscious awareness on particular stimulus
define INATTENTION BLINDNESS
fail to see objects when attention directed elsewhere
define CHANGE-BLINDNESS
failing to notice changes in environment and is form of inattention blindness
how many pieces of info is received and how much is taken in consciously
11 million taken in, 40 concscious
define SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY
how and when detect faint stimulus amid background assuming no single absolute threshold but dependent on person’s perceptual set
define SENSORY ADAPTATION
diminished sensitivity as consequence of constant stimulation
describe the 2 cognition systems
- fast system creates perceptions quickly effortlessly
- slow system creating perceptions slowly w/time and effort
define GESTALT THEORY
tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes
define FIGURE-GROUND PERCEPTION
organization of info into objects/figures standing out from environment
what are the 3 components of figure-ground perception
proximity, closure, and continuity
define DEPTH PERCPETION
ability to see thru objects in 3D image to judge distance
define PHI PHENOMENON
illusion of movement created when 2 or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
define BINOCULAR CUES
depth cue using both eyes
define RETINAL DISPARITY
binocular cue to perceive depth by comparing slightly different images from both eyes and brain computes image
define PERCEPTIAL CONSTANCY
objects constant even as illumination and retinal images change
what does it mean if there is greater retinal disparity
closer the object is
define COLOR AND BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY
same color despite brightness
define SHAPE AND SIZE CONSTANCY
same size/shape despite distance and orientation
define MONOCULAR CUES
depth cue w/either eye
give examples of monocular cues
interposition and linear perspective
define PERCEPTUAL ADAPTATION
ability to adjust changed sensory input including artificially displaced or inverted visual field
define LIGHT
energy w/wavelength and amplitude
define INTENSITY
amnt of energy light wave has influencing brightness
what determines intensity
amplitude (of wavelength)
define FREQUENCY
of complete waves passing certain point in certain period
what does frequency determine
color
what color does long wavelengths create
red
what color does short wavelengths create
blue
describe what light is doing if an apple is red (why does it produce the color red?)
it reflects every color EXCEPT red
define ACCOMODATION
lens change shape to funnel light to fovea
define RODS
receptors sensitive to black and white and movement
what activates rods
peripheral vision and low lighting
what activates cones
high lighting
define CONES
color receptors
where are cones most concentrated
fovea
define BLIND SPOT
the point the optic nerve leaves eye
list the path of vision
- optic nerve
- optic tract
- lateral geniculate body
- thalamus
- visual cortex (occipital lobe)
- perception
define THREE COLOR THEORY
the 3 color receptors (red, green, blue) that combine to produce any color
define OPPONENT-PROCESSING THEORY
combination of receptors turning off and on enable color vision
list the opponent colors of red, blue, and white
red –> green
blue –> yellow
white –> black
what is the range of audition in humans
20hz-20,000hz
purpose of the ROUND WINDOW?
allows for fluid in cochlea to be moved and move hair cells
list the path of hearing from pinna to auditory nerve
- pinna
- auditory canal
- tympanic membrane
- auditory ossicles
- cochlea
- round window
- hair cells
- auditory nerve
define PLACE THEORY
different pitches experienced by different hair cells in different locations on organ of corti
define FREQUENCY THEORY
pitch related to speed of vibration in basiliar membrane
what are the 2 theories of audition
place theory & frequency theory
what are the 2 theories of color
trichomatic & opponent-processing
list the path of hearing from auditory nerve to perception
- auditory nerve
- pons
- thalamus
- auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
- perception
define SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS
hair loss bc of damage to hair cells
define CONDUCTION HEARING LOSS
hearing loss bc of damage to mechanical system that conducts sound to cochlea
path of taste
- taste buds
- cranial nerve 9 & 10
- medulla
- thalamus
- cerebral cortex
- gustatory cortex
where are taste buds housed
papillae
how many smells are humans able to recognize
10,000
how many olfactory receptors do humans have
40 million
what are the parts of the brain involved in olfaction
amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, neocortex
how is the amygdala and smells related
trigger emotions and 4Fs
how is the hippocampus and smell related
smell can trigger memory
how is the neocortex related to the sense of smell
has the olfactory complex
define SYNESTHESIA
signals of sensory organs passed in wrong cortex
define SOMESTHETIC SENSE
body sense consisting of skin, kinesthetic, and vestibular sense
what comprises skin sense
pain, touch, pressure, and temperature
name of receptors for pain?
nociceptors
name of receptors for touch?
mechanoreceptors
name of receptors for temperature?
thermoreceptors
define KINESTHETIC SENSE
sense of location of body parts in relation to ground and each others
define PROPRIOCEPTION
body’s sense of motion and location in space
define VESTIBULAR SENSE
sensation of movement, balance, and body position
what are the 2 types of pain
visceral and somatic
define VISCERAL PAIN
pain and pressure in organs
define SOMATIC PAIN
pain in skin, joints, and muscles triggered by nociceptors
describe GATE CONTROL THEORY
spinal cord has neurological gate that blocks pain signals/allowing them to brain
how is the “gate” in the gate control theory opened and closed?
opened by small nerve fibers and closed by large fibers/info from brain
what is the path of touch (hint: mechanoreceptors)
- mechanoreceptors
- spinal cord
- thalamus
4 parietal lobe - somatosensory cortex
what is the difference between kinesthetic sense, proprioception, and vestibular sense
- kinesthetic = awareness of body parts
- proprioception = motion & location in space
- vestibular = balance
